Case History 4: Melanoma

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Chief Complaint: 48-year-old man with suspicious-looking mole on his back.

History: Max Burnell, a single, 48-year-old avid long-distance runner previously in good health, presented to his primary physician for a yearly physical examination, during which a suspicious-looking mole was noticed on the back of his left arm, just proximal to the elbow. He reported that he has had that mole for several years, but thinks that it may have gotten larger over the past two years. Max reported that he has noticed itchiness in the area of this mole over the past few weeks. He had multiple other moles on his back, arms, and legs, none of which looked suspicious. Upon further questioning, Max reported that his aunt died in her late forties of skin cancer, but he knew no other details about her illness. Max is a computer programmer who spends most of the work week indoors. On weekends, however, he typically goes for a 5-mile run and spends much of his afternoons gardening. He has a light complexion, blonde hair, and reports that he sunburns easily but uses protective sunscreen only sporadically.

Physical Examination: Head, neck, thorax, and abdominal exams were normal, with the exception of a hard, enlarged, non-tender mass felt in the left axillary region. In addition, a 1.6 x 2.8 cm mole was noted on the dorsal upper left arm. The lesion had an appearance suggestive of a melanoma. It was surgically excised with 3 mm margins using a local anesthetic and sent to the pathology laboratory for histologic analysis.

Questions:

1. How does the appearance of a malignant melanoma differ from that of a normal mole, or nevis, on gross inspection (i.e. the macroscopic appearance)?

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2. Draw a normal mole and a malignant melanoma, as they might appear on the skin.

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3. Why was it important to surgically excise and examine this mole?

The pathology report gave the followng description of the tissue sample: "Diagnosis: Superficial spreading melanoma with vertical level V invasion. Coalescent nests of neoplastic cells were noted in the papillary and reticular dermis and in the subcutaneous layer. In addition, large pink-stained cells with pleomorphic nuclei were found spreading radially through the epidermal layer. Proliferating lymphocytic cells are noted in the dermis surrounding the malignant cells."

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4. What do levels I, II, III, IV, and V vertical invasion refer to when describing melanomas?

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5. Why is it useful to determine the level of invasion of this lesion?

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6. Propose an explanation for why proliferating lymphocytes were noted around the borders of the lesion.

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Max is told that he has a malignant melanoma and that it may have already metastasized. He is advised that he may need additional surgery to verify that his tumor has metastasized.

7. Why does Max's physician think that his cancer has already metastasized?

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8. What additonal surgical procedure might help Max's physician determine whether his cancer has metastasized?

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The surgical procedure alluded to in question #8 showed that Max's cancer had indeed spread to another pary of his body.

9. How do malignant melanomas normally spread to other areas of the body?

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10. Describe some of the current theories of the etiology of malignant melanoma.

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11. List two treatments available for Max's malignant melanoma, and comment briefly on their effectiveness.

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12. The incidence of malignant melanoma has increased over the past few decades. Propose an explanation for this trend.

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