Table of Contents
This list contains chapter titles and main topics. Each chapter also contains chapter objectives, chapter summary, clinical investigation, review activities, and selected readings.
Introduction to Physiology/Homeostasis and Feedback Control/The Primary Tissues/Organs and Systems
Atoms, Ions, and Chemical Bonds/Carbohydrates and Lipids/Proteins
Cell Membrane and Associated Structures/Cytoplasm and Its Organelles/Cell Nucleus and Nucleic Acids/Protein Synthesis and Secretion/DNA Synthesis and Cell Division/Interactions
Enzymes as Catalysts/Control of Enzyme Activity/Bioenergetics
Glycolysis and the Lactic Acid Pathway/Aerobic Respiration/Metabolism of Lipids and Proteins/Interactions
Diffusion and Osmosis/Carrier-Mediated Transport/The Membrane Potential/Interactions
Neurons and Supporting Cells/Electrical Activity in Axons/The Synapse/Acetylcholine as a Neurotransmitter/Monoamines as Neurotransmitters/Other Neurotransmitters/Synaptic Integration
Structural Organization of the Brain/Cerebrum/Diencephalon/Midbrain and Hindbrain/Spinal Cord Tracts/Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors/Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System/Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System
Characteristics of Sensory Receptors/Cutaneous Sensations/Taste and Smell/Vestibular Apparatus and Equilibrium/The Ears and Hearing/The Eyes and Vision/Retina/Neural Processing of Visual Information/Interactions
Endocrine Glands and Hormones/Mechanisms of Hormone Action/Pituitary Gland/Adrenal Glands/Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands/Pancreas and Other Endocrine Glands/Autocrine and Paracrine Regulation/Interactions
Structure and Actions of Skeletal Muscles/Mechanisms of Contraction/Neural Control of Skeletal Muscles/Energy Requirements of Skeletal Muscles/Cardiac and Smooth Muscle/Interactions
Functions and Components of the Circulatory System/Composition of the Blood/Acid-Base Balance of the Blood/Structure of the Heart/Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds/Electrical Activity of the Heart and the Electrocardiogram/Blood Vessels/Atherosclerosis and Cardiac Arrhythmias/Lymphatic System
Cardiac Output/Blood Volume/Vascular Resistance to Blood Flow/Blood Flow to the Heart and Skeletal Muscles/Blood Flow to the Brain and Skin/Blood Pressure/Hypertension, Shock, and Congestive Heart Failure/Interactions
Defense Mechanisms/Functions of B Lymphocytes/Active and Passive Immunity/Functions of T Lymphocytes/Tumor Immunology/Diseases Caused by the Immune System/Interactions
The Respiratory System/Physical Aspects of Ventilation/Mechanics of Breathing/Gas Exchange in the Lungs/Regulation of Breathing/Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport/Carbon Dioxide Transport and Acid-Base Balance/Effect of Exercise and High Altitude on Respiratory Function/Interactions
Structure and Function of the Kidneys/Glomerular Filtration/Reabsorption of Salt and Water/Renal Plasma Clearance/Renal Control of Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance/Clinical Applications/Interactions
Introduction to the Digestive System/Esophagus and Stomach/Small Intestine/Large Intestine/Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas/Neural and Endocrine Regulation of the Digestive System/Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins/Interactions
Nutritional Requirements/Regulation of Energy Metabolism/Energy Regulation by the Islets of Langerhans/Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia/Metabolic Regulations by Adrenal Hormones, Thyroxine, and Growth Hormone/Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Balance
Sexual Reproduction/Endocrine Regulation of Reproduction/Male Reproductive System/Female Reproductive System/Menstrual Cycle/Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Parturition/Interactions
Solutions to Clinical Investigations
Answers to Objective Questions
Learning Aids - A Guide to the Student
The clarity of organization and writing style in the sixth edition will help you to integrate and synthesize information, instead of just memorizing facts. Think of the major sections in the text as packets of instructions on how to assemble a device or appliance. Take each concept a step at a time, reread when necessary, scrutinize the figures, and actually write out answers to the study questions that appear at the end of these sections. Dont be intimidated by a long explanation - after all, a detailed set of instructions is easier to follow than one that is too brief. The more actively you participate in your own learning, the better will be your understanding of physiology - and the more enjoyable the study will become.
To help you gain the most from your textbook, consider the following information about how to use the learning aids.
Chapter Outline and Objectives
Look over the chapter outline before reading a chapter to get a feel for the topics to be covered, and use the outline later to help you look up topics and integrate concepts with those covered later in the text. Check off the objectives as you complete each major section to see if you are getting what is required from the text.
Perspectives
Immediately following each major section heading is a short paragraph, double-spaced and boldfaced to set it apart. It is a concise statement of the sections central concepts, or organizing themes, which are illustrated in detail in the narrative that follows. Read these statements carefully. As their name implies, they will help you place a section in perspective as you begin it, before getting involved with the specifics. Then, so as not to lose sight of the forest for the trees, read the perspectives again after you have completed the section.
Boxed Information
Following a discussion of a basic concept, you may find a block of text printed on a colored background with an accompanying icon. These "boxes" feature clinical or fitness applications for the information just covered. You will find it enjoyable, as well as instructive, to see how your newly acquired basic knowledge is being applied to practical problems.
Cross-References
As you read about a particular physiological mechanism, you may come across a reference to a concept that was discussed earlier in the text. If this concept is no longer clear, look it up in the referenced chapter. This is a good way to review, and it will help you to more completely integrate related physiological concepts. You may also see a reference to a related topic that is covered in more detail in a later chapter. Go ahead - take a peek at what is ahead. You may not be responsible for the detail now, but you will be better prepared to integrate this information with previous knowledge when you reach this chapter later on in the course.
Study Activities
Each major chapter section ends with a boxed list of study activities. These may be essay questions to answer, or perhaps diagrams or flowcharts to draw. Dont just think about how you might respond. Use a pencil and paper to write or draw.
Illustrations and Tables
The text includes abundant tables and illustrations to support the concepts presented. Careful study of the tables will enhance your understanding of the text, and the summary tables will be useful when you review for examinations. Although many of the figures can be admired for their beauty alone, they were created with one primary purpose - to illustrate concepts presented in the text. Therefore, refer to the figures and analyze them as you read. Each one has been placed as close as possible to its text reference to spare you from flipping through pages.
Interactions: HPer Links
Following each chapter or group of chapters on a particular body system, and also at the ends of chapters 3, 5, and 6, you will find a page entitled "Interactions." This learning tool indicates some of the ways in which a given concept applies to a number of body systems, and the ways in which one body system interacts with others. Each interaction has a page reference printed in blue type.
The term HPer Links is a hybrid of hyperlinks and the initials of Human Physiology. On the Internet, a hyperlink is a reference that you can click with a mouse to go from one part of a document or web page to another. Use the HPer Links on the Interactions pages in a similar way. Are you curious about how membrane transport might relate to muscle physiology? Follow the HPer Link on the Interactions page at the end of chapter 6 on membrane transport. Feel free to browse; it is a great way to integrate the different subtopics of Human Physiology and an additional way to review the entire course.
Chapter Summaries
At the end of each chapter the material is summarized for you in outline form, following the sequence of the text narrative. Read the summary after studying the chapter to be sure that you havent missed any points. In addition, use the chapter summaries in preparing for exams.
Clinical Investigations
Following each chapter summary is a Clinical Investigation. Think of each one as a puzzle, and use the clues provided to solve it. After writing out your solution, see how closely it agrees with the solution given in appendix A.
Review Activities
A section called Review Activities follows the Clinical Investigations. The Review Activities are self-examinations at three levels, with three different types of questions. These include objective questions (with the answers given in appendix C), essay questions, and critical thinking questions. The first essay question in each chapter is answered in the Student Study Guide. Be sure to take these self-quizzes in a "closed-book" fashion after studying the chapters; then, correct your answers to the objective questions using appendix C. Be sure to review the information relating to any questions you might have missed. These practice exams will help you to anticipate the kinds of questions that are likely to appear on real exams. They will also provide you with feed-back as to the depth of your learning and understanding.
Selected Readings
Each chapter closes with a list of books and articles. Interested students can use these lists as sources of additional information on topics covered in the chapter. Many of the articles are from popular journals such as Scientific American and are written for audiences with limited science backgrounds.
World Wide Web Links
For your research needs and personal interest, WCB/McGraw-Hill has created the Fox home page on the World Wide Web. Point your browser to http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/abio/ for the most current information about Human Physiology, sixth edition, and for additional supplementary material.
Appendices
Appendix A contains solutions to the Clinical Investigations. Refer to this appendix only after you have attempted to solve an investigation yourself. Appendix B consists of answers to the objective questions included in the Review Activities sections.
Glossary
The glossary at the end of the book has been updated with new terms and is particularly noteworthy for its comprehensiveness. The definitions for almost all of the terms are accompanied by pronunciation keys, and synonyms are indicated as appropriate. Whenever you encounter an unfamiliar term or would like additional information about a term, look it up in the glossary. Also, look to the glossary as you study for exams, to check your understanding of the technical terminology.
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