1. describe the structure of an atom and define the terms atomic mass and atomic number.

2. explain how covalent bonds are formed and distinguish between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds.

3. describe the structure of an ion and explain how ionic bonds are formed.

4. describe the nature of hydrogen bonds and explain their significance.

5. describe the structure of a water molecule and explain why some compounds are hydrophilic and others are hydrophobic.

6. define the terms acid and base and explain the meaning of the pH scale.

7. explain how the pH of the blood is stabilized by bicarbonate buffer, and define the terms acidosis and alkalosis.

8. describe the different types of carbohydrates and give examples of each type.

9. describe the mechanisms and significance of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions and explain their significance.

10. state the common characteristics of lipids and describe the different categories of lipids.

11. describe how peptide bonds are formed and the different orders of protein structure.

12. list some of the functions of proteins and explain why proteins provide specificity in their functions.