1. describe the functions of the digestive system and lists its structures and regions.

2. explain how one-way transport is accomplished in the digestive tract.

3. describe the layers of the gastrointestinal tract and the function(s) of each.

4. describe the structure of the gastric mucosa, list the secretions of the mucosa and their functions, and identify the cells that produce each of these secretions.

5. explain the roles of HCl and pepsin in digestion and explain why the stomach does not normally digest itself.

6. describe the structure and function of the villi, microvilli, and crypts of Lieberkuhn in the small intestine.

7. describe the location and functions of the brush border enzymes of the intestine.

8. explain the electrical activity that occurs in the intestine and describe the nature of peristalsis and segmentation.

9. explain how the large intestine absorbs fluid and electrolytes.

10. describe the flow of blood in the liver and explain how the liver modifies the chemical composition of the blood.

11. describe the composition and functions of bile and explain how bile is kept separate from blood in the liver.

12. trace the pathway of the formation, conjugation, and excretion of bilirubin and explain how jaundice may be produced.

13. explain the significance of the enterohepatic circulation of various compounds and describe the enterohepatic circulation of bile pigment.

14. explain the endocrine and exocrine structures of the pancreas and describe the composition and functions of pancreatic juice.

15. explain how gastric secretion is regulated during the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases.

16. describe the structure and function of the enteric nervous system.

17. explain how pancreatic juice and bile secretion is regulated by nerves and hormones.

18. discuss the nature and action of the different gastrointestinal hormones.

19. describe the enzymes involved in the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and explain how monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed.

20. describe the roles of bile and pancreatic lipase in fat digestion and trace the pathways and structures involved in the absorption of lipids.