After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Name the organs of the urinary system and list their general functions.

2. Describe the locations of the kidneys and the structure of a kidney.

3. List the functions of the kidneys.

4. Trace the pathway of blood through the major vessels within a kidney.

5. Describe a nephron and explain the functions of its major parts.

6. Explain how glomerular filtrate is produced and describe its composition.

7. Explain how various factors affect the rate of glomerular filtration and how this rate is regulated.

8. Discuss the role of tubular reabsorption in urine formation.

9. Explain why the osmotic concentration of the glomerular filtrate changes as it passes through a renal tubule.

10. Describe a countercurrent mechanism and explain how it helps concentrate urine.

11. Define tubular secretion and explain its role in urine formation.

12. Describe the structure of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

13. Discuss the process of micturition and explain how it is controlled.

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