After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Explain how gene discoveries are relevant to the study of anatomy and physiology and to health care.

2. Distinguish between genes and chromosomes.

3. Outline the process of meiosis and explain why meiotic products have different combinations of parental genes.

4. Define the two types of chromosomes.

5. Explain how genes can have many alleles (variants), but a person can have only two alleles of a particular gene.

6. Describe how alleles interact.

7. Distinguish between modes of inheritance by which traits pass from parent to offspring.

8. Explain how gene expression varies among individuals.

9. Describe how multiple genes and the environment interact to produce complex traits.

10. Describe how genes and chromosomes control the inheritance of gender and how traits are transmitted on the X chromosome.

11. Describe how gender affects gene expression.

12. Explain how deviations in chromosome number or arrangement can harm health.

13. Explain how conditions caused by extra or missing chromosomes reflect a meiotic error.

14. Describe the challenges that the ability to diagnose inherited disease presents.

15. Explain how gene therapy works.

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