Anatomy and Physiology   Saladin
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Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology


Study Outline

Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology

The Scope of Anatomy and Physiology (pp.2­3)
  1. Anatomy and its subdisciplines
  2. Physiology and its subdisciplines
  3. Unity of form and function

The Nature of Human Life (pp.3­10)
  1. What is life?
    a.  Biological criteria
    • Cellular organization
    • Biochemical unity
    • Metabolism
    • Responsiveness
    • Development
    • Reproduction
    b.  Clinical and legal criteria
  2. What is a human?
    a.  Animal characteristics
    b.  Chordate characteristics
    c.  Vertebrate characteristics
    d.  Mammalian characteristics
    e.  Primate characteristics
    f.  Uniquely human characteristics
  3. Hierarchy of structural complexity
  4. Reductionist and holistic perspectives

Human Evolution (pp.10­13)
  1. Darwin and natural selection
    a.  Impact of Darwinism
    b.  Natural selection
    c.  Meaning of evolution
    d.  Selection pressures and adaptations
    e.  Biomedical relevance of evolution
  2. Life in the trees
    a.  Selection pressures of arboreal life
    b.  Adaptations to arboreal life
  3. Impact of bipedalism
    a.  Habitat changes and bipedalism
    b.  Advantages of bipedalism
    c.  Adaptations to bipedalism

Scientific Method (pp.13­15)
  1. Inductive method
  2. Scientific proof and truth
  3. Hypothetico-deductive method
    a.  Standards for a valid hypothesis
    b.  Deductions and predictions
  4. Experimental design
    a.  Sample size
    b.  Controls
    c.  Psychosomatic effects and placebos
    d.  Experimenter bias
    e.  Statistical testing
  5. Peer review
  6. Facts, laws, and theories
    a.  Basic and applied science
    b.  Scientific facts
    c.  Laws of nature
    d.  Theories

Origins of Biomedical Science (pp.15­20)
  1. Prescientific age
  2. Greco-Roman contributions
    a.  Hippocrates
    • Naturalism and rationalism
    • Role of the physician
    b.  Aristotle
    • Natural versus supernatural causes
    • Hierarchy of structure
    • Observations on physiology
    c.  Galen
    • Studies of anatomy
    • Views on circulation
    • Encouragement of skepticism
  3. Middle Ages
    a.  Suppression of science
    b.  Establishment of medical schools
    c.  Avicenna and Muslim medicine
  4. Renaissance
    a.  Paracelsus and skepticism
    b.  Revival of cadaver dissection
    c.  Vesalius and anatomy
    d.  Harvey and physiology
  5. Discovery of a small world
    a.  Leeuwenhoek and the microscope
    b.  Hooke and cytology
    c.  Schleiden, Schwann, and the cell theory
  6. Seventeenth-century medicine
  7. Living in a revolution

Homeostasis and Feedback (pp.20­23)
  1. Bernard, Cannon, and homeostasis
  2. Set point and dynamic equilibrium
  3. Negative feedback and stability
  4. Positive feedback and rapid change
    a.  Beneficial effects
    b.  Pathological effects

Review of Major Themes (p.23)
  1. Unity of form and function
  2. Hierarchy of structure
  3. Cell theory
  4. Evolution
  5. Homeostasis


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