Chemical Elements and Atomic Structure (pp.53-57)

1. Matter and the elements
   a.  Nature of elements
   b.  Atomic number
   c.  Symbols
   d.  Relative abundance
   
2. Atomic structure
   a.  Protons, neutrons, and atomic mass
   b.  Electrons and energy levels
   c.  Filling of the valence shell
   
3. Isotopes and atomic weight
   a.  Meaning of isotope
   b.  Atomic weight
   
4. Ions
   a.  Process of ionization
   b.  Anions and cations
   c.  Valence of ions
   
5. Electrolytes
   
6. Free radicals
   a.  How they are produced
   b.  Biological effects
   c.  Antioxidants
   

Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Bonds (pp.58-61)

1. Molecules and compounds
   
2. Chemical formulae
   a.  Molecular formulae
   b.  Structural isomers
   c.  Structural formulae
   d.  Condensed structural formulae
   
3. Molecular weight
   
4. Chemical bonds
   a.  Ionic bonds
   b.  Covalent bonds
   
   •  Single and double
     
   •  Polar and nonpolar
     
5. c.  Hydrogen bonds
   

Mixtures (pp.61-64)

1. Mixtures versus compounds
   
2. Solutions, colloids, and suspensions
   a.  Properties of a solution
   b.  Properties of a colloid
   c.  Properties of a suspension
   
3. Measures of concentration
   a.  Weight per volume and percent concentration
   
   •   How these are computed
     
   •   When these can be misleading
     
b.  Molarity

•  Meaning of a mole
  
•   Avogadro's number
  
•   Molar and millimolar solutions
  
c.  Electrolyte concentrations

•   Meaning of equivalents
  
•  Computing mEq/L
  
•  Converting mM to mEq/L
  

Acids, Bases, and pH (pp.64-66)

1. Acids and bases
   
2. pH
   a.  The pH scale
   b.  Buffers
   

Chemical Reactions (pp.66-68)

1. Chemical equations
   a.  How they are written
   b.  Balanced equations
   
2. Classes of reactions
   a.  Decomposition
   b.  Synthesis
   c.  Exchange
   
3. Reversible reactions
   a.  Law of mass action
   b.  Chemical equilibrium
   
4. Factors that affect reaction rates
   a.  Concentration
   b.  Temperature
   c.  Catalysts
   

Energy (pp.68-70)

1. Work and energy
   a.  Kinetic versus potential energy
   b.  Forms of energy
   
   •  Chemical
     
   •  Heat
     
   •  Electromagnetic
     
   •  Electrical
     
2. Radioisotopes and ionizing radiation
   a.  Radioisotopes and radioactivity
   b.  Types of ionizing radiation
   
   •  a particle: two protons and two neutrons
     
   •  ß particle: electron
     
   •  g ray: high-energy photon
     
   c.  Half-life: physical and biological
   d.  Radiation exposure
   

Thermodynamics and Metabolism (pp.70-72)

1. Laws of thermodynamics
   a.  First law of thermodynamics
   b.  Second law of thermodynamics
   
   •  Free energy
     
   •  Entropy
     
2. Exergonic and endergonic reactions
   a.  Exergonic and catabolic reactions
   b.  Endergonic and anabolic reactions
   
3. Oxidation and reduction
   a.  Meaning of oxidation
   b.  Meaning of reduction
   
4. Oxidizing and reducing agents

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