1. _______________ elements are essential for human physiology, but are present in very smallquantities (no one of them being more than 0.02% of the body weight).

2. The chemical properties of an element are determined solely by its _______________, found in theoutermost energy level of the atom.

3. A positively charged ion is called a/an _______________ and a negatively charged ion is calleda/an _______________.

4. Antioxidants such as vitamin E protect the body from the harmful effects ofuncharged particles called _______________.

5. Bonds between atoms formed by the sharing of electrons are called _______________ bonds.

6. Water molecules cling together and many large molecules are held in theirthree-dimensional shapes by weak attractions called _______________.

7. A _______________ is a mixture of particles that are too large to pass through selectivelypermeable membranes, yet small enough to remain evenly distributed through the mixturewithout settling out. The proteins in the blood plasma are an example.

8. _______________ is a measure of chemical concentration that is based on the number of moleculesin a given liter of solution.

9. A 10 mM solution of MgC_l2 would be _______________ mEq/L, assuming this salt completely ionizesin water.

10. A solution with a pH of 9 has how many times, or what fraction of, the hydrogen ionconcentration of a solution with a pH of 6? _______________

11. A molecule is _______________ when electrons are removed from it.

12. Any molecule that accepts electrons from another is called an electron acceptor or_______________.

13. What law of nature says that the direction of a reversible reaction is governed bythe relative concentrations of reactants and products? _______________

14. What law of nature says that the total mass of the reactants in a chemical reactionmust be accounted for in the total mass of the products? _______________

15. What law of nature says that in any chemical reaction, some energy is lost as heat,so it is never possible to transfer 100% of the energy in one molecule to another one. _______________

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