Inorganic Matter (pp.78-80)

1. Water
   a.  Solvency
   
   • Hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances
   • Hydration spheres
   b.  Cohesion and surface tension
   c.  Thermal stability
   
   • Heat capacity
   • Meaning of calories
   • Cooling effect
   d.  Chemical reactivity
   
2. Minerals
   a.  As structural components
   b.  As activators of organic compounds
   c.  As electrolytes
   
3. Gases
   a.  Oxygen and carbon dioxide
   b.  Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide
   

1. Special properties of carbon
   
2. Functional groups of organic compounds
   
3. Monomers, polymers, and macromolecules
   a.  Dehydration synthesis
   b.  Hydrolysis
   

1. Definition and general formula
   
2. Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, and galactose
   
3. Disaccharides
   a.  Sucrose, lactose, and maltose
   b.  Synthesis and hydrolysis
   
4. Polysaccharides: cellulose, starch, and glycogen
   
5. Carbohydrate functions
   a.  Energy sources
   b.  Conjugated carbohydrates
   
   • Glycolipids and glycoproteins
   • The glycocalyx
   • Proteoglycans

1. Definition and general properties
   
2. Fatty acids
   a.  General properties
   b.  Saturated and unsaturated forms
   
3. Triglycerides (neutral fats)
   a.  Synthesis and hydrolysis
   b.  Fats and oils
   c.  Functions
   
4. Phospholipids
   a.  Structure
   b.  Amphiphilic character
   
5. Prostaglandins
   
6. Steroids
   

1. Amino acids
   a.  General structure
   b.  Variety of functional R groups
   
2. Peptides and peptide bonds
   
3. Levels of protein structure
   a.  Primary structure: amino acid sequence
   b.  Secondary structure
   
   • a helix
   • ß sheet
   c.  Tertiary structure (conformation)
   
   • Globular and fibrous proteins
   • Disulfide bridges
   • Reversible changes
   • Denaturation
   d.  Quaternary structure
   
4. Conjugated proteins and prosthetic groups
   
5. Protein functions
   a.  Structure
   b.  Catalysis
   c.  Communication
   d.  Membrane transport
   e.  Recognition and protection
   f.  Movement
   

1. What enzymes do
   a.  Definition of an enzyme
   b.  Energy of activation
   c.  Substrates
   d.  Reusability
   
2. How enzymes are named
   
3. Enzyme structure
   a.  Active sites
   b.  Enzyme-substrate specificity
   c.  Induced-fit model
   d.  Enzyme-substrate complex
   
4. Effects of temperature and pH on enzymes
   
5. Role of cofactors
   
6. Enzymes and metabolic pathways
   a.  Reactants, intermediates, and end products
   b.  Allosteric inhibition
   
7. Role of coenzymes
   

1. ATP structure, hydrolysis, and energy release
   a.  ATPase
   b.  Phosphorylation reactions
   
2. ATP synthesis
   a.  Glycolysis
   b.  Anaerobic fermentation
   c.  Aerobic respiration
   
3. Molecules related to ATP
   a.  Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
   b.  Relationship of ATP to nucleic acids
   

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