The Study of Tissues (pp.170-172)

1. Interpretation of tissue sections
   
2. The primary germ layers
   
3. The primary tissue classes (table 6.1)
   
4. Composition of tissues
   a.  Cells
   b.  Matrix (extracellular material)
   

Excitable Tissues (pp.172-175)

1. Muscular tissue (table 6.2)
   a.  General properties and functions
   b.  Skeletal muscle
   c.  Cardiac muscle
   d.  Smooth muscle
   
2. Nervous tissue
   a.  Neurons
   b.  Neuroglia
   

Embryonic and Fibrous Connective Tissues (pp.175-182)

1. Overview of connective tissue (table 6.3)
   a.  General characteristics
   
   • Most variable tissue type
   • Usually more matrix than cell volume
   • Often supports other tissues or binds organs
   b.  Functions
   
2. Embryonic connective tissue
   a.  Mesenchyme
   b.  Mucous connective tissue
   
3. Components of fibroconnective tissue
   a.  Cells
   
   • Fibroblasts
   • Histiocytes (tissue macrophages)
   • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
   • Plasma cells
   • Mast cells
   • Adipocytes (fat cells)
   b.  Fibers
   
   • Collagenous (white) fibers
   • Reticular fibers
   • Elastic (yellow) fibers
   c.  Ground substance
   
   • Tissue (interstitial) fluid
   • Minerals (mainly calcium salts)
   • Proteoglycans
   • Protein (minor component)
   • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
   • Types of fibroconnective tissue
     a.  Loose connective tissue
     
     • Areolar tissue
     • Adipose tissue: white and brown fat
     • Reticular tissue
     b.  Dense connective tissues
     
     • Dense regular connective tissue
     • Yellow elastic tissue
     • Dense irregular connective tissue

Supportive and Fluid Connective Tissues (pp.182-185)

1. Cartilage
   a.  Stiff matrix due to chondroitin sulfate
   b.  Chondrocytes and lacunae
   c.  Hyaline cartilage
   d.  Elastic cartilage
   e.  Fibrocartilage
   
2. Bone (osseous tissue)
   a.  Types: Spongy and compact
   
   • Osteocytes in lacunae
   • Lamellae surrounding haversian canal
3. Dental tissues
   
4. Blood and lymph
   a.  Plasma (matrix)
   b.  Formed elements
   
   • Erythrocytes
   • Leukocytes
   • Platelets
   c.  Lymph
   

Epithelial Tissue (pp.185-191)

1. Definition and general properties
   a.  Layers of cells covering or lining surfaces
   b.  Scanty extracellular material
   c.  No blood vessels
   d.  Supported on basement membrane
   e.  Classification (table 6.4)
   
2. Simple epithelia
   a.  Simple squamous
   b.  Simple cuboidal
   c.  Simple columnar
   d.  Pseudostratified
   
3. Stratified epithelia
   a.  Stratified squamous
   b.  Stratified cuboidal
   c.  Stratified columnar
   d.  Transitional
   

Intercellular Junctions, Glands, and Membranes (pp.191-196)

1. Intercellular junctions
   a.  Tight junctions
   b.  Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
   c.  Gap (communicating) junctions
   
2. Glands
   a.  Endocrine glands
   
   • Ductless
   • Secrete hormones into blood
   b.  Exocrine glands
   
   • Usually have ducts
   • Produce secretions other than hormones
   • Some unicellular
   c.  Exocrine gland structure
   
3. Stroma (connective tissue)
   • Fibrous capsule
   • Septa (trabeculae)
4. Parenchyma (secretory portion)
   • Epithelial in nature
   • Divided into lobes and lobules
   • May form acini (alveoli)
5. Ducts
   • Simple glands: unbranched ducts
   • Compound glands: branched ducts
   d.  Classification by type of secretion
   
   • Serous glands
   • Mucous glands
   • Mixed glands
   • Cytogenic glands
   e.  Classification by method of secretion
   
   • Merocrine glands
   • Holocrine glands
   • Apocrine glands (modified merocrine glands)
6. Membranes
   a.  Cutaneous membrane
   b.  Mucous membranes (mucosae)
   
   • Epithelium
   • Lamina propria
   • Muscularis mucosae
   c.  Serous membranes (serosae)
   
   • Mesothelium
   • Areolar tissue
   d.  Endothelium of circulatory system
   e.  Synovial membranes of joints
   

Tissue Transformations (pp.196-197)

1. Differentiation
   
2. Anaplasia (dedifferentiation)
   
3. Hyperplasia (cell multiplication)
   
4. Hypertrophy (cell growth)
   
5. Neoplasia (tumor development)
   
6. Metaplasia (change in tissue type)
   
7. Atrophy
   
8. Necrosis (tissue death)
   
9. Repair
   

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