The Skull

Objectives

When you have completed this section, you should be able to

• list the bones of the skull and their anatomical features; and
• describe the development of the skull from infancy through childhood.

Think About It

Suppose you are studying a skull with some teeth missing from the mandible. How could you tell whether the teeth had been lost from the skull after the person's death or years before he or she had died?

Key Point Review

1. Name the four paranasal sinuses and four other cavities found in the skull.

2. What is the difference between a cranial bone and a facial bone? Name four of each.

3. Draw an oval representing a superior view of the calvaria. Draw in lines representing the coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures, and then label each of the bones bordered by these sutures.

4. Match each of the following features with the appropriate bone: squamous part, hypoglossal foramen, greater cornu, condyloid process, greater wing, and cribriform plate.

5. List all of the other bones with which each of the following articulates: parietal, temporal, zygomatic, and ethmoid.

6. Palpate any of the following structures you can on your own head and identify those that cannot be palpated on a living subject: mastoid process, crista galli, superior orbital fissure, palatine processes, zygomatic bone, mental symphysis, and stapes.

The Spinal Column and Thoracic Cage

Objectives

When you have completed this section, you should be able to

• describe the general features of the spinal column and those of a typical vertebra;
• describe the special features of vertebrae in different regions of the spinal column and discuss the functional significance of the regional differences; and
• describe the anatomy of the sternum and ribs and explain how the ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae.

Think About It

The vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs low on the spinal column are larger than those higher up. What is the functional significance of this?

Think About It

How would head movements be affected if vertebrae C1 and C2 had the same structure as C3? Why does C1 lack a spinous process?

Key Point Review

7. Make a table with three columns headed "cervical," "thoracic," and "lumbar." In each column, list the identifying characteristics of that type of vertebra.

8. Describe how rib 5 articulates with the spine. How do ribs 1 and 12 differ from rib 5 and from each other in their articulations?

9. Distinguish between true, false, and floating ribs. State by number which ribs fall into each category.

10. Name the three parts of the sternum and list the sternal features that can be palpated.

The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Extremity

Objectives

When you have completed this section, you should be able to

• identify the clavicle and scapula, and describe their features;
• identify the humerus, radius, and ulna, and describe their features; and
• name the bones of the wrist and hand, and describe their features.

Think About It

How do you think the unusual flexibility of the human shoulder is related to the habitat of our primate ancestors?

Key Point Review

11. How you can distinguish the medial end of the clavicle from the lateral end and the superior surface from the inferior?

12. Name the three fossae of the scapula and describe the location of each.

13. Which three bones meet at the elbow? Describe the elbow joint in terms of the fossae, articular surfaces, and processes that meet there.

14. List each bone of the medial side of the hand, in order from the palm to the tip of the little finger.

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Extremity

Objectives

When you have completed this section, you should be able to

• describe the features of the pelvic girdle;
• contrast the anatomy of the male and female pelves;
• identify the femur, patella, tibia, and fibula, and describe their features; and
• name the bones of the ankle and foot, and describe their features.

Key Point Review

15. Which two bones make up the adult pelvic girdle? Which six bones make up a child's pelvic girdle?

16. Name four structures of the pelvis that you can palpate. Describe where to palpate them.

17. What parts of the femur are involved in the hip joint? What parts are involved in the knee joint?

18. What are the prominent knobs on each side of your ankle called? Which bones contribute to these structures?

19. Name all of the bones that articulate with the talus and describe the location of each.

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