Characteristics of the Central Nervous System (pp.463-467)

1. Major landmarks
   a.  Cerebrum
   
   • Cerebral hemispheres
   • Gyri, sulci, and fissures
   • Corpus callosum
   b.  Cerebellum
   c.  Brainstem
   d.  Gray and white matter
   e.  Ventricles and central canal
   
2. Embryonic development
   a.  Neural plate, groove, and folds
   b.  Neural tube
   c.  Neural crest
   d.  Prosencephalon (forebrain)
   
   • Telencephalon
   • Diencephalon
   e.  Mesencephalon (midbrain)
   f.  Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
   
   • Metencephalon
   • Myelencephalon

Meninges, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Ventricles, and Blood Supply (pp.467-471)

1. Meninges
   a.  Dura mater
   
   • Periosteal layer
   • Meningeal layer
   • Dural sinuses
   b.  Meningeal specializations
   
   • Falx cerebri
   • Tentorium cerebelli
   • Diaphragma sellae
   c.  Variations in spinal meninges
   
   • Dural sheath
   • Epidural space
   d.  Arachnoid membrane
   e.  Pia mater
   
2. Cerebrospinal fluid
   a.  Functions
   b.  Choroid plexuses
   c.  Blood-CSF barrier
   
3. Ventricles and CSF circulation
   
4. Blood supply and the blood-brain barrier
   a.  Rate of flow
   b.  Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
   c.  Circumventricular organs
   

The Spinal Cord (pp.471-477)

1. Functions
   a.  Conduction
   b.  Locomotion
   c.  Reflex control
   
2. Gross anatomy
   a.  Diameter and length
   b.  Four regions
   c.  Segmental arrangement
   d.  Cervical and lumbar enlargements
   e.  Conus medullaris and filum terminale
   f.  Cauda equina
   
3. Cross-sectional anatomy
   a.  Relationship to vertebrae and meninges
   b.  Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus
   c.  Gray matter
   
   • Dorsal and ventral horns
   • Gray commissure and central canal
   • Lateral horns in thoracic region
   d.  White matter
   
   • Columns (funiculi)
   • Tracts (fasciculi)
   • Decussation of nerve fibers
4. Spinal tracts
   a.  Ascending tracts
   
   • Fasciculus gracilus
   • Fasciculus cuneatus
   • Dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar
   • Spinothalamic
   b.  Descending tracts
   
   • Tectospinal
   • Corticospinal (pyramidal)
   • Lateral and medial reticulospinal
   • Vestibulospinal

The Hindbrain and Midbrain (pp.477-482)

1. Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
   a.  Anatomy
   
   • Pyramids
   • Olive and inferior olivary nucleus
   b.  Functions
   
   • Conduction pathways (tracts)
   • Origin of cranial nerves IX–XII
   • Cardiac center
   • Vasomotor center
   • Respiratory centers
   • Other visceral control centers
2. Metencephalon
   a.  Pons
   
   • Conduction pathways (tracts)
   • Nuclei and functions
   • Origin of cranial nerves V–VIII
   b.  Cerebellum
   
   • Location
   • Hemispheres and vermis
   • Gyri (folia), sulci, and fissures
   • Cerebellar peduncles
   • Arbor vitae
   • Purkinje cells
   • Role in motor coordination
3. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
   a.  Cerebral aqueduct
   b.  Origin of cranial nerves III–IV
   c.  Cerebral peduncles
   d.  Substantia nigra
   e.  Tegmentum and red nucleus
   f.  Tectum and corpora quadrigemina
   
   • Superior colliculi
   • Inferior colliculi
4. Reticular formation
   a.  Location and structure
   b.  Functions
   

The Diencephalon (pp.482-484)

1. Thalamus
   a.  Location and anatomy
   b.  Functions
   
2. Hypothalamus
   a.  Location and anatomy
   b.  Functions
   
   • Food and water intake
   • Thermoregulation
   • Cardiovascular regulation
   • Hormone secretion
   • Sleep and waking
   • Emotional behavior
3. Epithalamus
   a.  Pineal gland
   b.  Habenula
   c.  Thin roof over third ventricle
   

The Telencephalon (Cerebrum) (pp.484-489)

1. Cerebral white matter
   a.  Projection tracts
   
   • Internal capsule
   • Corona radiata
   b.  Commissural tracts
   
   • Anterior commissure
   • Posterior commissure
   • Corpus callosum
   c.  Association tracts
   
   • Long association fibers
   • Short association fibers
2. Gross anatomy of cerebral cortex
   a.  Thickness and area
   b.  Gyri, sulci, fissures
   
   • Central sulcus
   • Parieto-occipital sulcus
   • Lateral sulcus
   c.  Lobes
   
   • Frontal lobe
   • Parietal lobe
   • Occipital lobe
   • Temporal lobe
   • Insula
3. Histology of cerebral cortex
   a.  Stellate cells
   b.  Pyramidal cells
   c.  Stratification of neocortex
   
4. Basal nuclei (corpus striatum)
   a.  Caudate nucleus
   b.  Lentiform nucleus
   
   • Putamen
   • Globus pallidus
   c.  Amygdala
   d.  Claustrum
   e.  Role in motor control
   
5. Limbic system
   a.  Location
   b.  Functions
   
   • Learning and memory
   • Motivation
   • Emotional and sexual response
   • Personality
   • Basic drives

Functions of the Neocortex (pp.489-498)

1. Brain waves and the electroencephalogram
   
2. Sleep
   a.  Function of sleep
   b.  Hypothalamic control centers
   c.  Sleep stages 1 - 4
   d.  Paradoxical (REM) sleep
   
3. Motor control
   a.  Premotor area
   b.  Precentral gyrus (primary motor area)
   
   • Somatotopy and motor homunculus
   • Decussation of motor fibers
4. Somatic sensation
   a.  Postcentral gyrus (primary sensory area)
   b.  Decussation
   c.  Somatotopy and sensory homunculus
   
5. Special senses
   a.  Visual cortex
   b.  Auditory cortex
   c.  Olfactory cortex
   d.  Gustatory cortex
   
6. Association areas
   a.  Somatosensory association area
   b.  Visual association area
   c.  Auditory association area
   d.  Frontal association area
   
7. Cerebral lateralization
   
8. Language
   a.  Wernicke's area
   b.  Angular gyrus
   c.  Broca's area
   d.  Affective language area
   e.  Lesions and language defects
   
9. Memory
   a.  Short-term memory (STM)
   b.  Long-term memory (LTM)
   
   • Declarative
   • Procedural
   c.  Cellular aspects of LTM
   

Copyright ©1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
McGraw-Hill Higher Education is one of the many fine businesses of The McGraw-Hill Companies.
For further information about this site contact mhhe_webmaster@mcgraw-hill.com.