Nerves, Nerve Fibers, and Ganglia (pp.505-507)

1. Anatomy of a nerve
   1.   Sheaths of a nerve fiber
   • Myelin sheath
   • Neurilemma
   • Basement membrane
   • Endoneurium
   2.   Nerve fascicles
   3.   Perineurium
   4.   Epineurium
2. Sensory, motor, and mixed nerves
3. Types of nerve fibers
4. Ganglia

The Cranial Nerves (pp.508-516)
Review table 15.2 for details.

1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
1.   V₁ Ophthalmic
2.   V₂ Maxillary
3.   V₃ Mandibular
6. Abducens
7. Facial
8. Vestibulocochlear
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Accessory
12. Hypoglossal

The Spinal Nerves (pp.516-525)

1. Classes
   1.   Cervical nerves (C1–C8)
   2.   Thoracic nerves (T1–T12)
   3.   Lumbar nerves (L1–L5)
   4.   Sacral nerves (S1–S5)
   5.   Coccygeal nerve (Cx)
2. Proximal branches
   1.   Dorsal root and rootlets
   2.   Dorsal root ganglion
   3.   Ventral root and rootlets
3. Distal branches
   1.   Meningeal branch
   2.   Dorsal ramus
   3.   Ventral ramus
   • Intercostal nerves
   • Nerve plexuses
4. Cervical plexus (table 15.3)
5. Brachial plexus (table 15.4)
   1.   Roots (ventral rami of C5–T1)
   2.   Trunks: upper, lower, and middle
   3.   Divisions: anterior and posterior
   4.   Cords: posterior, medial, and lateral
6. Lumbar plexus (table 15.5)
7. Sacral and coccygeal plexuses (table 15.6)
8. Cutaneous innervation and dermatomes

Somatic Reflexes (pp.525-530)

1. Nature of reflexes
   1.   Require stimulation
   2.   Quick
   3.   Involuntary
   4.   Stereotyped
2. Somatic and visceral reflexes
3. Components of a spinal reflex arc
   1.   Somatic receptors in skin, muscle, or tendon
   2.   Afferent nerve fibers
   3.   Interneurons (sometimes)
   4.   Efferent nerve fibers
   5.   Skeletal muscles
4. Stretch reflex
   1.   Structure of a muscle spindle
   • Intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibers
   • Annulospiral and flower-spray nerve endings
   • a and g motor neurons
5.   Mechanism
• Muscle stretch stretches intrafusal fibers
• Sensory nerve endings excited
• Spinal integration
• Alpha motor neurons stimulate extrafusal fibers
• Muscle contracts
• Reciprocal innervation inhibits antagonistic muscles
• g motor neurons maintain optimal tension in muscle spindle
6. Golgi tendon reflex
   1.   Structure of Golgi tendon organ
   2.   Excitation of nerve endings in tendon
   3.   Inhibition of muscle contraction
7. Flexor (withdrawal) reflex
   1.   Role of parallel after-discharge circuits
   2.   Role of intersegmental reflex arcs
8. Crossed extensor reflex
   1.   Normally accompanies withdrawal reflex
   2.   Example of contralateral reflex arc

The Autonomic Nervous System: Introduction and Anatomy (pp.531-540)

1. General properties
   1.   Effectors other than skeletal muscle
   2.   Two-neuron efferent pathways
   3.   Multiple neurotransmitters
   4.   Excitatory and inhibitory effects
   5.   Responses usually involuntary
2. Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division
   1.   Chain of paravertebral ganglia
   2.   Communicating rami
   3.   Various destinations of fibers entering paravertebral ganglia
   4.   Neuronal convergence in ganglia
   5.   Neuronal divergence and mass activation
   6.   Routes out of paravertebral ganglia
   • Via spinal nerves
   • Via sympathetic nerves
   • Via splanchnic nerves
3. Adrenal glands
4. Parasympathetic (craniosacral) division
   1.   Terminal ganglia near or in target organ
   2.   Only slight neuronal divergence
   3.   Cranial nerve routes out of CNS
   • Oculomotor nerve
   • Facial nerve
   • Glossopharyngeal nerve
   • Vagus nerve
   4.   Sacral nerve routes out of CNS
   • Pelvic splanchnic nerves
   • Inferior hypogastric plexus
   • Pelvic nerves

The Autonomic Nervous System: Physiology (pp.540-544)

1. Neurotransmitters
   1.   Cholinergic fibers
   2.   Adrenergic fibers
2. Receptors for neurotransmitters
   1.   Cholinergic receptors
   • Nicotinic
   • Muscarinic
   2.   Adrenergic receptors
   • a₁ and a₂
   • ß₁ and ß₂
   • Second messengers
3. Dual innervation
   1.   Antagonistic effects
   2.   Cooperative effects
4. Control without dual innervation
1.   Effectors with only sympathetic fibers
2.   Sympathetic and vasomotor tone
5. Central control of autonomic function
1.   Cerebral
2.   Hypothalamic
3.   Brainstem
4.   Spinal



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