Functions and Properties of Blood (pp.640-642)

1. Functions (table 18.1)
2. Composition
   1.   Plasma
   2.   Formed elements
3. Physical properties
   1.   Viscosity
   2.   Osmolarity

Plasma (pp.642-645)

1. Plasma and serum
2. Plasma proteins (table 18.3)
   1.   Albumins
   2.   Globulins
   3.   Fibrinogen
3. Nonprotein nitrogenous substances
4. Nutrients
5. Gases
6. Electrolytes

Blood Cell Formation (pp.645-649)

1. Hemopoietic tissues at various ages
2. Types of hemopoiesis
   1.   Myeloid
   2.   Lymphoid
3. Erythropoiesis
   1.   Role of erythropoietin
   2.   Stages in RBC differentiation
   3.   Response to hypoxemia
   4.   Nutritional requirements
   5.   Iron metabolism
4. Leukopoiesis
   1.   Pathways of WBC differentiation
   2.   Role of colony-stimulating factors
   3.   Fate of WBCs after entering circulation
5. Thrombopoiesis

Erythrocytes (pp.649-655)

1. Form and function
   1.   Gas transport functions
   2.   Size and shape
   3.   Membrane proteins
   4.   Lack of organelles
   5.   Carbonic anhydrase
2. Hemoglobin
   1.  a- and ß-globin chains
   2.   Heme group
   3.   Binding of O₂ and CO₂
   4.   Adult and fetal hemoglobins
3. Quantities of erythrocytes and hemoglobin
   1.   Hematocrit
   2.   Hemoglobin concentration
   3.   RBC count
   4.   Gender differences
4. Erythrocyte destruction
   1.   Aging and hemolysis of RBCs
   2.   Disposal of globin
   3.   Iron recycling and storage
   4.   Heme and bile pigments
5. Polycythemia
   1.   Primary polycythemia
   2.   Secondary polycythemia
   3.   Effects of chronic polycythemia
6. Anemia
   1.   Symptoms and effects
   2.   Hemorrhagic anemia
   3.   Anemia due to depressed erythropoiesis
   • Insufficient exercise
   • Aging
   • Nutritional anemia
   • Pernicious anemia
   • Hypoplastic and aplastic anemia
   4.   Hemolytic anemia
   • Sickle-cell anemia
   • Thalassemia

Blood Types (pp.655-660)

1. Blood type antigens and antibodies
2. ABO blood group
   1.   A and B agglutinogens
   2.   Anti-A and anti-B agglutinins
   3.   Blood typing procedure
   4.   Comparison of ABO types (table 18.7)
   5.   Transfusion compatibility
3. Rh blood group
   1.   Rh⁺ and Rh^- blood types
   2.   Transfusions and Rh type
   3.   Hemolytic disease of the newborn
4. Other blood groups

Leukocytes (pp.660-663)

1. General appearance and function
2. Granulocytes
   1.   Neutrophils
   2.   Eosinophils
   3.   Basophils
3. Agranulocytes
   1.   Lymphocytes
   2.   Monocytes
4. Abnormalities of leukocyte count
   1.   Leukopenia
   2.   Leukocytosis
   3.   Leukemia
   • Myelocytic and lymphocytic
   • Chronic and acute
   • Effects of leukemia

Hemostasis (pp.663-669)

1. Meaning and general mechanisms
2. Platelets
   1.   Structure and number
   2.   Functions
3. Mechanisms of hemostasis
   1.   Vascular spasm
   2.   Platelet plug formation
   3.   Coagulation
4. Details of blood coagulation
   1.   General goal-fibrin production
   2.   Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms
   3.   Clotting factors (procoagulants)
   4.   Initiation of coagulation
   • Extrinsic pathway
   • Intrinsic pathway
   5.   Completion of coagulation
5. Fate of blood clots
   1.   Clot retraction
   2.   Role of platelet-derived growth factor
   3.   Clot digestion
6. Prevention of inappropriate coagulation
   1.   Platelet repulsion
   2.   Dilution of thrombin
   3.   Anticoagulants
7. Coagulation disorders
   1.   Thrombocytopenia
   2.   Hemophilia
   3.   Thrombosis and embolism

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