1. For one thing, this estimate does not take into account the fact that males and females differ in normal blood pressure. It also does not compare very well with the normal values in table 20.1. It predicts that an 80-year-old should have a systolic blood pressure of 180, for example, whereas the normal systolic pressure for that age is shown in the table to be 145 for men and 157 for women.

2. (28 + 2 + 4 mmHg)^out – 25 mmHgⁱⁿ = 9 mmHg^out

3. Adrenal gland -> suprarenal vein -> inferior vena cava -> heart -> pulmonary trunk and arteries -> pulmonary veins -> heart -> aorta -> renal artery -> kidney

4. The reduced blood flow through the skin accounts for its coolness and paleness. The drop in blood pressure stimulates the cardiac center of the medulla oblongata, which, in turn, stimulates an increase in the heart rate. The pulse is weak because the blood pressure is low.

5. An adequate or even high blood pressure in the common iliac arteries would not necessarily mean that there was adequate blood pressure higher in the body, because gravity draws the blood downward. If the blood pressure is adequate above the heart, however, it is almost certain to be adequate in the lower extremities and it is likely that the brain is also being adequately perfused.

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