General Anatomy (pp.706-712)

1. Circulatory routes
   1.   Most common route
   2.   Portal systems
   3.   Anastomoses
2. Structure of blood vessels
   1.   Tunica externa
   2.   Tunica media
   3.   Tunica interna
3. Arteries and metarterioles
   1.   Conducting (elastic) arteries
   2.   Distributing (muscular) arteries
   3.   Resistance (small) arteries
   4.   Metarterioles
4. Capillaries
   1.   Capillary beds
   • Thoroughfare channels
   • Precapillary sphincters
   2.   Types of capillaries
   • Continuous
   • Fenestrated
   3.   Sinusoids
5. Veins
   1.   Size gradation
   2.   Venous sinuses
   3.   Low blood pressure
   • Thin walls
   • High capacitance
   • Venous valves

Blood Flow, Pressure, and Resistance (pp.712-719)

1. Flow and perfusion
   1.   Total flow = cardiac output
   2.   Hemodynamics: principles of flow
2. Blood pressure (BP)
   1.   Measurement
   2.   Systolic and diastolic pressures
   3.   Pulse pressure
   4.   Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP)
   5.   Hypertension and hypotension
   6.   Importance of arterial elasticity
   g.  Pulsatile flow and velocity h.  Age and blood pressure
3. Resistance
   1.   Meaning of peripheral resistance
   2.   Factors affecting resistance
   • Blood viscosity
   • Vessel length
   • Vessel radius
     • Relation to laminar flow
     • Relation to vasomotion
     • Special importance of arterioles
   3. Poiseuille's law
   4. Blood velocity and distance from heart
4. Regulation of peripheral resistance
   1.   Local control
   • Autoregulation
     • Metabolic theory
     • Reactive hyperemia
     • Local vasoactive secretions
   • Angiogenesis
   2.   Neural control
   • Vasomotor center
   • Innervation of blood vessels
   • Baroreflexes
   • Chemoreflexes
   • Medullary ischemic reflex
   3.   Hormonal control of vasomotion
   • Angiotensin II
   • Epinephrine and norepinephrine
   • Atrial natriuretic factor
   • Antidiuretic hormone
   4. Vasomotion and redirection of blood flow

Capillary Exchange (pp.720-722)

1. Routes of exchange
   1.   Intercellular clefts
   2.   Fenestrations
   3.   Pinocytotic vesicles
   4.   Plasma membrane
2. Mechanisms of exchange
   1.   Diffusion
   2.   Transcytosis
   3.   Filtration and resorption
   • Forces favoring filtration
   • Forces favoring reabsorption
   • Changes from arterial to venous end
   • Variations in filtration and reabsorption
     • Range of interstitial hydrostatic pressure
     • Capillaries dedicated solely to filtration or absorption
     • Temporal changes in function

Venous Return and Circulatory Shock (pp.722-725)

1. Mechanisms of venous return
   1.   Pressure gradient
   2.   Thoracic pump
   3.   Cardiac suction
   4.   Skeletal muscle pump
   5.   Gravity
2. Venous return and physical activity
   1.   Increase in cardiac output
   2.   Increased action of thoracic pump
   3.   Action of skeletal muscle pump
   4.   Inactivity and venous pooling
3. Circulatory shock
   1.   Cardiogenic shock
   2.   Low venous return shock
   • Hypovolemic shock
   • Obstructed venous return shock
   • Venous pooling shock
     • Neurogenic
     • Septic
     • Anaphylactic
   3.   Responses to circulatory shock
   • Fainting
   • Baroreflex
   • Production of angiotensin II
   4.   Positive feedback in advanced shock

Special Circulatory Routes (pp.725-726)

1. Flow to the brain
   1.   Constancy of total flow
   2.   Primacy of autoregulation
   3.   Chemical stimuli and vasomotion
   4.   Shifting flow within the brain
   5.   Cerebrovascular accident
   6.   Transient ischemic attack
2. Flow to the skeletal muscles
   1.   Variability of total flow
   2.   Perfusion at rest
   3.   Effects of exercise
   4.   Autoregulation and metabolites
   5.   Muscle contraction and blood flow
3. Flow to the lungs
   1.   Low blood pressure and thin-walled arteries
   2.   Low velocity
   3.   Oncotic pressure overriding filtration
   4.   Response to hypoxia

Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circuit (pp.726-727)

1. Pulmonary trunk and arteries
2. Lobar arteries
3. Alveolar capillaries
4. Pulmonary veins

Anatomy of the Systemic Arteries (pp.728-739)

1. The aorta and its major branches (table 20.3)
2. Arterial supply to the head and neck (table 20.4)
3. Arterial supply to the upper extremity (table 20.5)
4. Arterial supply to the thorax (table 20.6)
5. Arterial supply to the abdomen (table 20.7)
6. Arterial supply to the pelvic region and lower extremity (table 20.8)
7. Emergency pressure points
8. The femoral triangle

Anatomy of the Systemic Veins (pp.740-748)

1. General characteristics of venous system
2. Venous drainage of the head and neck (table 20.9)
3. Venous drainage of the upper extremity (table 20.10)
4. The azygous system (table 20.11)
5. Major tributaries of the inferior vena cava (table 20.12)
6. The hepatic portal system (table 20.13)
7. Venous drainage of the lower extremity and pelvic organs (table 20.14)

Copyright ©1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
McGraw-Hill Higher Education is one of the many fine businesses of The McGraw-Hill Companies.
For further information about this site contact mhhe_webmaster@mcgraw-hill.com.