1. _______________ is the concentration of solute particles in asolution, measured as moles of dissolved particles per liter of solution.

2. The major nitrogenous wastes in the blood are _______________, _______________, and creatinine.

3. All parts of a nephron except for the nephron loops are locatedin a layer of the kidney called the _______________.

4. Arteries called the _______________ascend from the arcuate artery toward the kidney surface and give off one _______________ to each nephron along the way.

5. Urine formation begins with the filtration of fluid fromcapillaries of the _______________.

6. Substances removed from the filtrate by tubular reabsorptionreturn to the bloodstream by way of the _______________ capillaries.

7. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the _______________, the firstduct distal to the glomerular capsule.

8. Because of the extensive tubular reabsorption that occurs there,the first uriniferous tubule distal to the glomerular capsule has numerous long _______________ on itsepithelial cells.

9. If a solute enters the above duct at a rate that exceeds the _______________ for itsreabsorption, the excess stays in the tubule and appears in the urine.

10. The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule consists ofoctopus-like cells called _______________ with filtration slits between their _______________.

11. The salinity gradient of the renal medulla is maintained by the _______________, which isshort or absent in aquatic animals that do not need to conserve water.

12. The _______________apparatus monitors the salinity of the tubular fluid and adjusts the _______________ rate to maintain homeostasis.

13. In response to low blood pressure, the kidneys secrete an enzymecalled _______________, which is the first stepin the synthesis of a vasoconstrictor called _______________.

14. The reabsorption of glucose by the proximal convoluted tubuledepends on the simultaneous reabsorption of _______________, since the SGLT protein binds and transports both of these atonce.

15. The _______________sphincter is controlled by a parasympathetic reflex whereas the _______________ sphincteris under voluntary control.

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