Water Balance (pp. 865-871)

1. Fluid compartments
   1.   Total body water
   2.   Intracellular fluid
   3.   Extracellular fluid
   • Tissue fluid
   • Blood plasma and lymph
   • Transcellular fluid
   4.   Movement among fluid compartments
2. Water gain and loss
3. Regulation of intake
   1.   Thirst
   • Hyposalivation
   • Response of the thirst center
   2.   Satiation of thirst
   • Moistening and cooling of mouth
   • Distension of stomach and intestine
   • Drop in blood osmolarity
4. Regulation of output
   1.   Relationship to Na⁺ reabsorption
   2.   Control by antidiuretic hormone
5. Disorders of water balance
   1.   Fluid deficiency
   • Volume depletion
   • Dehydration
   2.   Fluid excess
   • Volume excess
   • Hypotonic hydration
   3.   Fluid sequestration
   • Hemorrhage
   • Pleural effusion
   • Edema

1. Major electrolytes
2. Terminology of imbalances
3. Sodium
   1.   Functions
   2.   Homeostasis
   • Aldosterone
   • Antidiuretic hormone
   • Atrial natriuretic factor
   • Other hormones
   • Salt craving
   3.   Imbalances
   • Hypernatremia
   • Hyponatremia
4. Potassium
   1.   Functions
   2.   Homeostasis
   • Tubular secretion
   • Aldosterone
   3.   Imbalances
   • Hyperkalemia
   • Hypokalemia
5. Chloride
   1.   Functions
   2.   Homeostasis
   3.   Imbalances
   • Hyperchloremia
   • Hypochloremia
6. Calcium
   1.   Functions
   2.   Homeostasis
   3.   Imbalances
   • Hypercalcemia
   • Hypocalcemia
7. Phosphates
   1.   Functions
   2.   Homeostasis
   3.   Imbalances

1. Importance of stability
2. Acids, bases, and buffers
   1.   Strong and weak acids and bases
   2.   Physiological buffers
   • Urinary system
   • Respiratory system
   3.   Chemical buffer systems
   • Bicarbonate buffer system
   • Phosphate buffer system
   • Protein buffer system
3. Respiratory control of pH
4. Renal control of pH
   1.   H⁺ secretion
   • Mechanism
   • Limiting pH
   • Bicarbonate exchanges
   2.   Buffers in the tubular fluid
   • Sodium phosphate
   • Ammonia
5. Disorders of acid-base balance
   1.   Effects of acidosis and alkalosis
   2.   Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis
   3.   Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
   4.   Compensation for acid-base imbalances
   • Respiratory compensation
   • Urinary compensation
   5.   pH imbalances in relation to electrolyte and water imbalances

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