General Anatomy and Digestive Processes (pp.887-889)

1. Subdivisions of the digestive system
   1.   Accessory organs
   2.   Digestive tract
2. Relationship of the digestive tract to the peritoneum
   1.   Mesentery
   2.   Serosa
   3.   Omenta
   4.   Mesocolon
3. Digestive functions and processes
4. Stages of digestion
   1.   Mechanical digestion
   2.   Chemical digestion

1. Oral (buccal) cavity
   1.   Functions
   2.   Cheeks and lips
   3.   Tongue
   • Lingual papillae
   • Body and root
   • Lingual muscles
   • Lingual glands
   4.   Palate
   • Hard and soft palates
   • Glossopalatine and pharyngopalatine arches
   5.   Teeth (dentition)
   • Types
   • Development and eruption
   • Periodontal tissues
   • Tooth structure
2. Mastication
3. Saliva and salivary glands
   1.   Composition of saliva
   2.   Salivary glands
   • Intrinsic
   • Extrinsic
   3.   Salivation
4. Pharynx
5. Esophagus
   1.   General structure
   2.   Tissue layers
   3.   Enteric nervous system
   • Submucosal (Meissner) plexus
   • Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus
   • Short and long reflexes
6. Swallowing (deglutition)
   1.   Swallowing center
   2.   Buccal phase
   3.   Pharyngeal-esophageal phase
   4.   Mechanism of peristalsis

1. Functions
2. Gross anatomy
   1.   Curvatures
   2.   Four regions of stomach
   3.   Pyloric sphincter
3. Innervation and circulation
4. Stomach wall
   1.   Rugae
   2.   Gastric pits
   3.   Glands
   4.   Cell types of gastric glands
5. Gastric secretions
   1.   Hydrochloric acid
   2.   Intrinsic factor
   3.   Pepsinogen and pepsin
   4.   Gastric lipase and rennin
   5.   Hormones and paracrines
6. Gastric motility
   1.   Stress-relaxation response
   2.   Gastric peristalsis
   3.   Entry of chyme into duodenum
7. Vomiting
8. Digestion and absorption
9. Protective mechanisms
   1.   Mucous coat
   2.   Epithelial replacement
   3.   Tight junctions
10. Regulation of gastric function
    1.   Cephalic phase
    2.   Gastric phase
    • Myenteric reflex
    • Vagovagal reflex
    • G cells and gastrin
    • Negative feedback control
    3.   Intestinal phase
    • Intestinal gastrin
    • Enterogastric reflex
    • Secretin
    • Cholecystokinin (CCK)
    • Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

1. Liver
   1.   Gross anatomy
   • Lobes and ligaments
   • Porta hepatis
   2.   Microscopic anatomy
   • Hepatic lobules
   • Hepatic sinusoids
   • Hepatic triads
   • Bile passageways
2. Gallbladder and bile
   1.   Gallbladder structure
   2.   Composition of bile
   3.   Digestive role of bile salts
   4.   Enterohepatic circulation
3. Pancreas
   1.   Gross anatomy
   2.   Endocrine and exocrine components
   3.   Ducts and duodenal papillae
   4.   Pancreatic juice
   5.   Zymogens and their activation
   6.   Other pancreatic enzymes
4. Regulation of secretion
   1.   Cholecystokinin
   2.   Secretin

1. Importance of surface area
2. Gross anatomy
   1.   Duodenum
   2.   Jejunum
   3.   Ileum
   4.   Ileocecal junction
3. Microscopic anatomy
   1.   Circular folds
   2.   Villi
   • Absorptive and goblet cells
   • Blood capillaries and lacteal
   • Brush border
   3.   Intestinal crypts
   • Absorptive and goblet cells
   • Paneth cells
   4.   Duodenal glands
   5.   Peyer patches
4. Secretion (intestinal juice)
5. Motility
   1.   Functions of intestinal motility
   2.   Segmentation
   3.   Peristalsis: the migrating motor complex
   4.   Ileocecal valve
   5.   Gastroileal reflex

1. Functions
2. Gross anatomy
   1.   Cecum and appendix
   2.   Ascending, transverse, and descending colon
   3.   Sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal
   4.   Teniae coli and haustra
   5.   Anal sphincters
   6.   Mesocolon
   7.   Epiploic appendages
3. Microscopic anatomy
4. Bacterial flora and intestinal gas
5. Absorption and motility
   1.   Absorption
   2.   Quantity and composition of feces
   3.   Motility
   • Haustral contractions
   • Mass movements
   4.   Defecation reflexes
   • Intrinsic reflex
   • Parasympathetic reflex
   • Voluntary controls

1. Carbohydrates
   1.   Digestion
   • Action of salivary amylase
   • Action of pancreatic amylase
   • Action of brush border enzymes
     • Dextrinase
     • Glucoamylase
     • Maltase
     • Sucrase
     • Lactase
   2.   Absorption
   • Glucose, the SGLT, and solvent drag
   • Galactose
   • Fructose
2. Proteins
   1.   Sources of amino acids
   2.   Action of pepsin
   3.   Action of trypsin and chymotrypsin
   4.   Contact digestion
   5.   Amino acid absorption
   6.   Protein pinocytosis
3. Lipids
   1.   Action of lingual and gastric lipase
   2.   Emulsification
   3.   Action of pancreatic lipase
   4.   Formation of micelles
   5.   Absorption by epithelial cells
   6.   Formation of chylomicrons
   7.   Absorption by lacteals
4. Nucleic acids
5. Vitamins
   1.   Fat-soluble vitamins
   2.   Water-soluble vitamins
   3.   Vitamin B₁₂ and intrinsic factor
6. Minerals
   1.   Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl^- absorption
   2.   Iron absorption and storage
   3.   Calcium absorption
7. Water

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