Nutrition (pp.931-941)

1. Body weight and energy balance
   1.   Homeostatic set point
   2.   Heredity and environment
2. Appetite
   1.   Feeding and satiety centers
   2.   Glucostats
   3.   Other factors in appetite
3. Calories
4. Nutrients
   1.   Macro-and micronutrients
   2.   Recommended daily allowances
5. Carbohydrates
   1.   Functions
   2.   Requirements
   3.   Types in the diet
   4.   Dietary sources
   5.   Fiber
6. Lipids
   1.   Functions
   2.   Requirements
   3.   Dietary sources
   4.   Cholesterol and serum lipoproteins
   • Lipoprotein classes
   • Processing of chylomicrons
   • Processing of VLDLs and LDLs
   • Processing of HDLs
   • Cholesterol and lipoprotein levels
7. Proteins
   1.   Functions
   2.   Requirements
   3.   Protein quality
   4.   Dietary sources
   5.   Nitrogen balance
8. Minerals
   1.   Functions
   2.   Requirements
   3.   Dietary sources
   4.   Sodium
9. Vitamins
   1.   Requirements
   2.   Water-soluble vitamins
   3.   Fat-soluble vitamins
   4.   Vitamin excesses

1. Overview of glucose catabolism
   1.   Summary equation
   2.   Phases of catabolism
   3.   Role of coenzymes
2. Glycolysis
3. Anaerobic fermentation
   1.   Purpose
   2.   Disadvantages
4. Aerobic respiration
   1.   Matrix reactions
   2.   Membrane reactions
   • Electron-transport molecules
   • Electron-transport processes
   • Chemiosmotic mechanism
5. Overview of ATP production
6. Glycogen metabolism
   1.   Glycogenesis
   2.   Glycogenolysis
   3.   Gluconeogenesis
7. Functions of the liver

1. Lipids
   1.   Lipogenesis
   2.   Lipolysis
   • Uses of PGAL
   • ß-oxidation of fatty acids
   • Ketogenesis
2. Proteins
   1.   The amino acid pool
   2.   Deamination, amination, and transamination
   3.   Proteins as fuel
   4.   Transamination, ammonia, and urea
   5.   Protein synthesis

1. Absorptive state
   1.   Carbohydrate metabolism
   2.   Fat metabolism
   3.   Amino acid metabolism
   4.   Regulation of the absorptive state
   • Role of insulin
   • Role of glucagon
2. Postabsorptive state
   1.   Carbohydrate metabolism
   2.   Fat metabolism
   3.   Protein metabolism
   4.   Regulation of the postabsorptive state
   • Role of glucagon
   • Sympathoadrenal effects
3. Metabolic rate
   1.   Measurement of metabolic rate
   2.   Basal and total metabolic rates
   3.   Factors affecting metabolic rate

1. Body temperature
   1.   Core and shell temperatures
   2.   Variations in temperature
2. Heat production and loss
   1.   Heat production
   2.   Modes of heat loss
   • Radiation
   • Conduction and convection
   • Evaporation
3. Thermoregulation
   1.   Hypothalamic thermostat
   2.   Thermoreceptors
   3.   Heat-losing center and mechanisms
   4.   Heat-promoting center and mechanisms
4. Disturbances of thermoregulation
   1.   Hyperthermia
   • Heat cramps
   • Heat exhaustion
   • Heatstroke
   2.   Hypothermia

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