Sexual Reproduction (pp. 962-963)

1. The essence of sex
2. The two sexes
   1.   Difference in gametes
   2.   Difference in sex chromosomes
3. Overview of the reproductive system
   1.   Primary sex organs (gonads)
   2.   Secondary sex organs
   3.   Secondary sex characteristics

1. Role of the sex chromosomes
2. Hormones and sex differentiation
   1.   Embryonic genital ducts
   2.   Testis-determining factor
   3.   Human chorionic gonadotropin
   4.   Androgens
   5.   Müllerian-inhibiting factor
3. Development of the external genitals
   1.   Phallus
   2.   Urogenital folds
   3.   Labioscrotal folds
4. Descent of the testes
   1.   Role of the gubernaculum
   2.   Cryptorchidism

1. Perineum
2. Testes
   1.   Tunics and stroma
   • Tunica vaginalis
   • Tunica albuginea
   • Mediastinum testis
   • Septa and lobules
   2.   Seminiferous tubules
   • Germ cells
   • Sustentacular cells
   • The blood-testis barrier
   3.   Interstitial (Leydig) cells
   4.   Rete testis
   5.   Testicular artery, vein, and nerves
3. Scrotum
   1.   Median septum and perineal raphe
   2.   Spermatic cord
   3.   Thermoregulatory mechanisms
   • Dartos muscle
   • Cremaster muscle
   • Pampiniform plexus
4. Spermatic ducts
   1.   Efferent ductules
   2.   Epididymis and its duct
   3.   Ductus (vas) deferens
   4.   Ejaculatory duct
5. The urethra
6. The accessory glands
   1.   Seminal vesicles
   2.   Prostate
   3.   Bulbourethral glands
7. Penis
   1.   Root, shaft, and glans
   2.   Prepuce and frenulum
   3.   Erectile tissues
   • Corpus spongiosum
   • Corpora cavernosa
   • Lacunae and trabeculae
   4.   Bulb and bulbocavernosus muscle
   5.   Crura and ischiocavernosus muscle

1. Endocrine control of puberty
   1.   Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
   • Secreted by hypothalamus
   • Stimulates FSH and ICSH secretion
   2.   Interstitial cell–stimulating hormone (ICSH)
   • Secreted by anterior pituitary
   • Stimulates interstitial cells to secrete androgens
   3.   Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
   • Secreted by anterior pituitary
   • Stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete ABP
   4.   Androgen-binding protein (ABP)
   • Uncertain function
   5.   Effects of androgens
   • Spermatogenesis
   • Inhibition of GnRH, FSH, and LH secretion
   • Development of secondary sex characteristics
   • Stimulation of growth
   • Stimulation of libido
   6.   Inhibin
   • Secreted by sustentacular cells
   • Selectively inhibits FSH secretion
2. Aging and sexual function
   1.   Climacteric
   2.   Impotence

1. Meiosis
   1.   Comparisons to mitosis
   • Reduces chromosome number
   • Produces four daughter cells
   • Crossing-over between homologous chromosomes
   2.   Meiosis I
   • Prophase I
     • Formation of tetrads
     • Crossing-over
   • Metaphase I
   • Anaphase I
   • Telophase I
   3.   Interphase
   4.   Meiosis II
   • Prophase II
   • Metaphase II
   • Anaphase II
   • Telophase II
2. Spermatogenesis
   1.   Spermatogonia
   • Arise from primordial germ cells
   • Multiply by mitosis
   • Type A and type B spermatogonia
   2.   Primary spermatocytes
   • Differentiate from type B spermatogonia
   • Relationship to blood-testis barrier
   • Still diploid
   • Undergo meiosis I
   3.   Secondary spermatocytes
   • Haploid
   • Undergo meiosis II
   4.   Spermatids
   • Undergo spermiogenesis
   • Become spermatozoa
3. The spermatozoon
   1.   Head
   • Acrosome
   • Nucleus
   • Basal body
   2.   Tail
   • Midpiece
   • Principal piece
   • Endpiece
4. Semen
   1.   Spermatozoa
   2.   Fructose
   3.   Clotting and anticoagulant factors
   4.   Prostaglandins
   5.   Spermine and other bases

1. Anatomical considerations
   1.   Circulation
   2.   Innervation
2. Excitement and plateau
   1.   Neurological mechanisms
   2.   Respiratory and cardiovascular effects
   3.   Bulbourethral secretion
   4.   Mechanisms of erection
3. Orgasm and Ejaculation
   1.   Emission
   2.   Expulsion
4. Resolution
   1.   Detumescence
   2.   Refractory period

Copyright ©1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
McGraw-Hill Higher Education is one of the many fine businesses of The McGraw-Hill Companies.
For further information about this site contact mhhe_webmaster@mcgraw-hill.com.