Anatomy and Physiology   Saladin
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Chapter 28: The Female Reproductive System


Study Outline

Chapter 28: The Female Reproductive System

Reproductive Anatomy (pp.992-1000)

  1. Sex differentiation
  2. Ovary
    1.   Superficial coverings
    2.   Cortex and medulla
    3.   Follicles
    4.   Supportive ligaments
    5.   Blood vessels and innervation
  3. Secondary sex organs
    1.   Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
      • Major anatomical regions
      • Mesosalpinx
      • Structure of mucosa
    2.   Uterus
      • Major anatomical regions
      • Layers of the wall
      • Endometrial strata
      • Blood supply
      • Supportive ligaments
      • Peritoneal pouches
    3.   Vagina
      • Functions
      • Gross anatomy
      • Fornices
      • Elaborations of mucosa
        • Hymen
        • Rugae
    4.   Vulva (pudendum)
      • Mons pubis
      • Labia
      • Vestibule
      • Prepuce
      • Clitoris
    5.   Accessory glands
      • Vestibular glands
      • Paraurethral glands
    6.   Vestibular bulbs
  4. Secondary sex characteristics
    1.   Physique and voice
    2.   Breasts
      • Body and axillary tail
      • Areola and nipple
      • Stroma and ligaments
      • Lactiferous ducts
      • Breast cancer
        • Causes
        • Detection
        • Treatment
Puberty and Menopause (pp.1000-1002)
  1. Hormones
    1.   GnRH and gonadotropins
    2.   Estrogens and androgens
      • Thelarche
      • Pubarche
      • Menarche
      • Other effects
    3.   Progesterone
    4.   Inhibin
    5.   Comparison of female and male puberty
  2. Climacteric and menopause
    1.   Effects of climacteric
    2.   Cessation of menses
Oogenesis and the Sexual Cycle (pp.1002-1008)
  1. Oogenesis
    1.   Oogonia
    2.   Primary oocytes
    3.   Atresia
    4.   Secondary oocyte
    5.   First polar body
    6.   Ovulation and fertilization
    7.   Second polar body
  2. The sexual cycle
    1.   Follicular phase
      • Menstrual phase
        • FSH secretion
        • Development of primary and secondary follicles
      • Preovulatory (proliferative) phase
        • Endometrial regeneration
        • Growth of one follicle
        • Meiosis I completed
        • Meiosis II begins, arrests
    2.   Ovulation
      • Effects of LH
      • Rupture of follicle
    3.   Postovulatory phase
      • Luteal (secretory) phase
        • Formation of corpus luteum
        • Progesterone secretion
        • Endometrial secretion
      • Premenstrual (ischemic) phase
        • Involution of corpus luteum
        • Progesterone level falls
        • Endometrial ischemia
        • Tissue necrosis and menses
    4.   Menstruation
Female Sexual Response (pp.1008-1010)
  1. Excitement and plateau
    1.   Vasocongestion
    2.   Vaginal transudation
    3.   Orgasmic platform
    4.   Tenting of uterus
    5.   Reactions of clitoris
  2. Orgasm
    1.   Muscular spasms
    2.   Uterine peristalsis
    3.   Paraurethral secretion
  3. Resolution
Pregnancy and Childbirth (pp.1010-1016)
  1. Timetable of gestation
  2. Fundamentals of prenatal development
  3. Hormones of pregnancy
    1.   Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
    2.   Estrogens
    3.   Progesterone
    4.   Human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS)
    5.   Other hormones
  4. Adjustments to pregnancy
    1.   Digestive system, nutrition, and metabolism
      • Morning sickness
      • Constipation and heartburn
      • Metabolic rate and caloric demands
      • Storage role of placenta
      • Nutrient needs
        • Iron
        • Vitamin K
        • Folic acid
        • Vitamin D
    2.   Circulatory system
      • Increased blood volume
      • Changes in cardiac output
      • Varicose veins, hemorrhoids
    3.   Respiratory system
      • Increased O2 consumption
      • Increased CO2 sensitivity
      • Pressure on diaphragm
    4.   Urinary system
      • Increased urine output
      • Reduced bladder capacity
    5.   Integumentary system
      • Striae (stretch marks)
      • Pigmentation changes
    6.   Uterine growth and weight gain
  5. Childbirth (parturition)
    1.   Uterine contractility
      • Braxton Hicks contractions
      • Labor contractions
      • Progesterone and estrogen balance
      • Role of oxytocin
      • Role of prostaglandins
      • Role of mechanical stimulation
    2.   Labor contractions
      • Nature and frequency
      • Positive feedback theory
      • Role of voluntary abdominal muscles
      • Labor pains
    3.   Stages of labor
      • Dilation (first) stage
        • Dilation
        • Effacement
      • Expulsion (second) stage
        • Crowning
        • Delivery of infant
      • Placental (third) stage
    4.   Puerperium
      • Involution of uterus
      • Discharge of lochia
      • Effect of lactation on uterus
Lactation (pp.1017-1019)
  1. Development of mammary gland
    1.   Growth of duct system
    2.   Development of acini
  2. Colostrum and Milk synthesis
    1.   Colostrum
    2.   Role of prolactin
    3.   Effect on fertility
  3. Milk ejection
    1.   Neuroendocrine reflex
    2.   Myoepithelial cells
  4. Breast milk
    1.   Composition
      • Compared to colostrum
      • Compared to cow's milk
    2.   Benefits of breast-feeding
    3.   Metabolic demands on mother

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