Fertilization and Preembryonic Development (pp.1028-1033)

1. Sperm migration
2. Capacitation
3. Fertilization
   1.   Acrosomal reaction
   2.   Blocks to polyspermy
4. Meiosis II
5. Preembryonic stage
   1.   Cleavage
   2.   Loss of zona pellucida
   3.   Blastocyst
   • Trophoblast
   • Embryoblast
   4.   Implantation
   • Cytotrophoblast
   • Syncytiotrophoblast
   • Formation of chorion
   5.   Embryogenesis

1. Prenatal nutrition
   1.   Trophoblastic nutrition
   2.   Placental nutrition
   3.   Placentation
   • Chorionic villi
   • Placental sinus
   • Placental conductivity
   • Functions of the placenta
2. Embryonic membranes
   1.   Amnion
   2.   Yolk sac
   3.   Allantois
   4.   Chorion
3. Organogenesis
4. Fetal development
   1.   Fetal circulation
   • Umbilical arteries
   • Umbilical vein
   • Shunts
     • Ductus venosus
     • Foramen ovale
     • Ductus arteriosus
   2.   Developmental calendar (table 29.4)

1. Transitional period
2. Circulatory adaptations
3. Respiratory adaptations
4. Thermoregulation
5. Fluid balance
6. Premature infants
   1.   Respiratory distress syndrome
   2.   Thermoregulation
   3.   Digestive system deficiencies
7. Congenital anomalies
   1.   Infectious diseases
   2.   Teratogens
   3.   Mutagens and genetic anomalies
   • Nondisjunction and aneuploidy
   • Metafemale syndrome
   • Klinefelter syndrome
   • Turner syndrome
   • Down syndrome

1. Definitions
2. Senescence of the organ systems
   1.   Integumentary system
   2.   Skeletal system
   3.   Muscular system
   4.   Nervous system
   5.   Sense organs
   6.   Endocrine system
   7.   Circulatory system
   8.   Immune system
   9.   Respiratory system
   10.   Urinary system
   11.   Digestive system and nutrition
   12.   Reproductive system
3. Exercise and senescence
4. Hypotheses on senescence
   1.   Life expectancy and life span
   2.   Mechanisms of senescence
   • Programmed cell death hypothesis
   • The Hayflick phenomenon
   • Telomere hypothesis
   • Cross-linking hypothesis
   • Other protein abnormalities
   • Free radical hypothesis
   • Autoimmune hypothesis
5. Evolution and senescence
6. Death

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