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| Information Center |
Table of Contents
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Part One Organization of the Body 1 Chapter 1 Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology 1 The Scope of Anatomy and Physiology 2 The Origins of Biomedical Science 3 Scientific Method 7 Human Evolution 9 The Nature of Human Life 12 Homeostasis and Feedback 19 Review of Major Themes 21 Chapter Review 25 Atlas A General Orientation to Human Anatomy 28 Anatomical Position 29 Anatomical Planes 30 Directional Terms 31 Surface Anatomy 31 Body Cavities and Membranes 35 Organ Systems 38 A Visual Survey of the Body 38 Testing Your Recall 50 Testing Your Comprehension 50 Chapter 2 Matter and Energy 51 Chemical Elements and Atomic Structure 52 Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Bonds 57 Mixtures 60 Acids, Bases, and pH 63 Chemical Reactions 65 Energy and Metabolism 67 Ionizing Radiation 69 Chapter Review 71 Chapter 3 The Molecules of Life 76 Inorganic Molecules 77 Carbon and Organic Molecules 79 Carbohydrates 81 Lipids 85 Proteins 87 Enzymes and Metabolism 93 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 96 Chapter Review 100 Chapter 4 Cellular Form and Function 103 Concepts of Cellular Structure 104 The Cell Surface 108 The Cytoplasm 116 Membrane Transport I: Filtration and Simple Diffusion 123 Membrane Transport II: Carrier-Mediated and Bulk Transport 128 Chapter Review 137 Chapter 5 Genetics and Cellular Function 140 The Nucleus and Nucleic Acids 141 Protein Synthesis and Secretion 146 DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle 153 Chromosomes and Heredity 159 Chapter Review 168 Chapter 6 Histology 171 The Study of Tissues 172 Epithelial Tissue 174 Connective Tissue 180 Nervous and Muscular Tissue-Excitable Tissues 190 Intercellular Junctions, Glands, and Membranes 191 Tissue Growth, Development, Death, and Repair 197 Chapter Review 201
Part Two Support and Movement 205 Chapter 7 The Integumentary System 205 Structure of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue 206 Functions of the Skin 213 Hair and Nails 214 Cutaneous Glands 220 Diseases of the Skin 222 Connective Issues 227 Chapter Review 228 Chapter 8 Bone Tissue 231 Tissues and Organs of the Skeletal System 232 Histology of Osseous Tissue 235 Bone Development 240 Physiology of Osseous Tissue 243 Bone Disorders 248 Chapter Review 254 Chapter 9 The Skeletal System 257 Overview of the Skeleton 258 The Skull 260 The Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage 275 The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb 285 The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 293 Connective Issues 303 Chapter Review 304 Chapter 10 Joints 307 Joints and Their Classification 308 Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Bony Joints 309 Synovial Joints 312 Anatomy of Selected Diarthroses 323 Chapter Review 336 Chapter 11 The Muscular System 339 The Structural and Functional Organization of Muscles 340 Muscles of the Head and Neck 348 Muscles of the Trunk 359 Muscles Acting on the Shoulder and Upper Limb 370 Muscles Acting on the Hip and Lower Limb 386 Connective Issues 401 Chapter Review 402 Atlas B Surface Anatomy 404 The Importance of External Anatomy 405 Head and Neck 406 Trunk 407 Upper Limb 410 Lower Limb 412 Muscle Self-Testing Exercise 418 Chapter 12 Muscular Tissue 419 Types and Characteristics of Muscle Tissue 420 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle 421 The Nerve-Muscle Relationship 424 Behavior of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 429 Behavior of Whole Muscles 436 Muscle Metabolism 439 Cardiac and Smooth Muscle 444 Chapter Review 450
Part Three Integration and Control 453 Chapter 13 Nervous Tissue 453 Overview of the Nervous System 454 Cells of the Nervous System 456 Electrophysiology of Neurons 463 Synapses 472 Neural Integration 478 Chapter Review 486 Chapter 14 The Central Nervous System 490 Overview of the Central Nervous System 491 Meninges, Ventricles, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Blood Supply 496 The Spinal Cord 501 The Hindbrain and Midbrain 507 The Forebrain 512 Higher Brain Functions 519 Chapter Review 533 Chapter 15 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflexes 537 General Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System 538 The Cranial Nerves 541 The Spinal Nerves 550 Somatic Reflexes 562 The Autonomic Nervous System: Introduction and Anatomy 568 The Autonomic Nervous System: Physiology 577 Connective Issues 583 Chapter Review 584 Chapter 16 Sense Organs 587 Properties and Types of Sensory Receptors 588 The General Senses 589 The Chemical Senses 593 Hearing and Equilibrium 599 Vision 611 Chapter Review 633 Chapter 17 The Endocrine System 637 Overview of the Endocrine System 638 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 640 Other Endocrine Glands 648 Hormones and Their Actions 661 Stress and Adaptation 670 Eicosanoids and Other Chemical Messengers 671 Connective Issues 675 Chapter Review 676
Part Four Regulation and Maintenance 680 Chapter 18 The Circulatory System: Blood 680 Functions and Properties of Blood 681 Plasma 683 Blood Cell Production 686 Erythrocytes 690 Blood Types 696 Leukocytes 700 Hemostasis-The Control of Bleeding 704 Chapter Review 712 Chapter 19 The Circulatory System: The Heart 715 Gross Anatomy of the Heart 716 Cardiac Muscle and the Cardiac Conduction System 726 Electrical and Contractile Activity of the Heart 729 Blood Flow, Heart Sounds, and the Cardiac Cycle 733 Cardiac Output 739 Chapter Review 745 Chapter 20 The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation 749 General Anatomy of the Blood Vessels 750 Blood Pressure, Resistance, and Flow 756 Capillary Exchange 763 Venous Return and Circulatory Shock 766 Special Circulatory Routes 769 Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circuit 770 Anatomy of the Systemic Arteries 770 Anatomy of the Systemic Veins 786 Connective Issues 797 Chapter Review 798 Chapter 21 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems 802 The Lymphatic System 803 Nonspecific Resistance 811 General Aspects of Specific Immunity 819 Humoral Immunity 823 Cellular Immunity 827 Immune System Disorders 832 Connective Issues 838 Chapter Review 839 Chapter 22 The Respiratory System 843 Anatomy of the Respiratory System 844 Mechanics of Ventilation 854 Neural Control of Ventilation 860 Gas Exchange and Transport 862 Blood Chemistry and the Respiratory Rhythm 870 Respiratory Disorders 871 Connective Issues 876 Chapter Review 877 Chapter 23 The Urinary System 881 Functions of the Urinary System 882 Anatomy of the Kidney 883 Urine Formation I: Glomerular Filtration 888 Urine Formation II: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion 894 Urine Formation III: Water Conservation 898 Urine and Renal Function Tests 901 Urine Storage and Elimination 904 Connective Issues 910 Chapter Review 911 Chapter 24 Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 915 Water Balance 916 Electrolyte Balance 922 Acid-Base Balance 927 Chapter Review 935 Chapter 25 The Digestive System 938 General Anatomy and Digestive Processes 939 The Mouth Through Esophagus 941 The Stomach 949 The Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas 958 The Small Intestine 964 Chemical Digestion and Absorption 968 The Large Intestine 974 Connective Issues 980 Chapter Review 981 Chapter 26 Nutrition and Metabolism 984 Nutrition 985 Carbohydrate Metabolism 995 Lipid and Protein Metabolism 1004 Metabolic States and Metabolic Rate 1006 Body Heat and Thermoregulation 1009 Chapter Review 1013
Part Five Reproduction and Development 1016 Chapter 27 The Male Reproductive System 1016 Sexual Reproduction 1017 Sex Determination and Development 1018 Male Reproductive Anatomy 1022 Puberty and Climacteric 1030 Spermatogenesis, Spermatozoa, and Semen 1031 Male Sexual Response 1037 Chapter Review 1043 Chapter 28 The Female Reproductive System 1046 Reproductive Anatomy 1047 Puberty and Menopause 1056 Oogenesis and the Sexual Cycle 1058 Female Sexual Response 1065 Pregnancy and Childbirth 1067 Lactation 1074 Connective Issues 1080 Chapter Review 1079 Chapter 29 Human Development 1084 Fertilization and Preembryonic Development 1085 Embryonic and Fetal Development 1090 The Neonate 1096 Aging and Senescence 1103 Chapter Review 1113 Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements A-1 Appendix B: Answers to Testing Your Recall Questions A-2 Appendix C: Understanding Biomedical Vocabulary A-6 
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