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All second-class levers produce a mechanical
advantage greater than 1.0, and all third-class levers produce a mechanical
advantage less than 1.0. Explain why.
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Suppose a lever measures 17 cm from effort to fulcrum and 11 cm
from resistance to fulcrum. (a) Calculate its mechanical
advantage. (b) Would this
lever produce more force, or less, than the force exerted on it? (c) Which of the three classes of
levers could not have these
measurements? Explain.
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In order of
occurrence, list the joint actions (flexion, pronation, etc.) and the joints
where they would occur as you (a) down at a table, (b) reach
out and picked up an apple, (c) take a bite, and (d) chew it. Assume
that you started in anatomical position.
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- Suppose you are dissecting a cat or fetal
pig with the task of finding examples of each type of synovial joint. Which
type of human synovial joint would not be found in either of those animals?
For lack of that joint, what human joint action would the animals be unable
to perform?
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List the six types of synovial joints and for each one, if possible, identify a joint in the upper limb and a joint in the lower limb that falls into each category. Which of these six joints have no examples in the lower limb?
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