Lecture Outline

CHAPTER OVERVIEW: The names, shapes, relative positions, and bony attachments of the skeletal muscles are reviewed. Attachments are described from the perspective of the muscles' roles in generation of particular body movements. The use of the bones as levers is explained. Agonist/antagonist pairs of muscles are described and their functional role explained.

OUTLINE (one or two fifty-min. lectures):

 Chapt. Object.

Topic Outline, Chapter 11

 

Figures & Tables

Trnspcy. Acetates

Trnspcy.

Masters

1

2

2

I. General Principles

        a. Attached to Bones via Tendons or Aponeuroses
        b. Origin and Insertion
        c. Belly
        d. Synergists, Antagonists, and Prime Mover
        e. Fixators
      

3

    A. Muscle Shapes

Fig. 11.1, p.305

    
 

      1. Pennate
     
 

        a. Unipennate
      
 

        b. Bipennate
      
 

        c. Multipennate
      
 

      2. Parallel
      
 

      3. Convergent
      
 

      4. Circular
      
 

    B. Nomenclature
      
 

      1. Location
      
 

      2. Size
      
 

      3. Shape
      
 

      4. Orientation
      
 

      5. Origin and Insertion
      
 

      6. Number of Heads
      
 

      7. Function
      

3

    C. Movements Accomplished by Muscles

Fig. 11.2, p.306

    
 

      1. Muscles Provide Force
      

4

      2. Bones used as Levers
      
 
        a. Class I Levers

Fig. 11.2a, p.306

    
 

        b. Class II Levers

Fig. 11.2b, p.306

    
 

        c. Class III Levers

Fig. 11.2c, p.306

    
 

    D. Muscle Anatomy

Fig. 11.3, pp.308-309

    
 

      1. Anterior View

Fig. 11.3a, p.308

TA-138

  
 

      2. Posterior View

Fig. 11.3b, p.309

TA-139

  
         
 

II. Head Muscles

     

5

    A. Head Movement

Table 11.1, p.310; Fig. 11.4, p.311

 

  
 

      1. Flexors - Anterior Group

Fig. 11.4a, p. 311

    
 

      2. Extensors - Posterior Group

Fig. 11.4b,c p.311; Fig. 11.5a, p.312

    
 

      3. Multiple Possible Movements - Lateral Group

Predict Quest. 1; Fig. 11.5b, p.312; Clinical Note, p.307

    

6

    B. Facial Expression

Table 11.2, pp.313-322; Fig. 11.6, p.312; Fig. 11-7, p.315; Predict Quest. 2

TA-140

  
 

      1. Cutaneous Muscles = Attached to Skin

Fig. 11.6, p.312

TA-141

  
 

      2. Muscles Around Eyes and Eyebrows

Fig. 11.7, p.315

    
 

      3. Muscles Around Lips and Mouth
      

7

    C. Mastication
     
 

      1. Muscles of the Mandible

Table 11.3 & Fig. 11.8, p.316

 

  
 

      2. Muscles of the Hyoid

Table 11.4 & Fig. 11.9, p.317

 

  

8

    D. Tongue Movements

Table 11.5 & Fig. 11.10, p.318; Clinical Note, p.316

 

  

8

      1. Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
      

8

      2. Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
      

9

    E. Swallowing and the Larynx

Table 11.6, pp.319-320; Fig. 11.11, p.321; Clinical Notes, p.319

    
 

      1. Infrahyoid Muscles can Elevate Larynx
      
 

      2. Muscles of the Larynx
      
 

      3. Muscles of the Sort Palate
      
 

      4. Muscles of the Pharynx
      

10

F. Movements of the Eyeball

Table 11.7, & Fig. 11.12, p.322; Predict Quest. 3

TA-142

  
 

      1. Superior Muscles
      
 

      2. Inferior Muscles
      
 

      3. Lateral Muscles
      
 

III. Trunk Muscles

      

11

    A. Muscles Moving the Vertebral Column

Table 11.8, pp.323-324

    
 

      1. Superficial
      
 

      2. Deep

Fig. 11.13, p.333

Clinical Note, p.320

TA-143

  

12

    B. Thoracic Muscles

Table 11.9 & Fig. 11.14, p.326

TA-144

  

12

    C. Abdominal Wall

Table 11.10 & Fig. 11.15, p.327

TA-145

  
 

      1. Anterior with Surface Landmarks

Figs, 11.16 & 11.17, p.328

    
 

      2. Posterior
      

13

    D. Pelvic Floor and Perineum

Table 11.11, p. 328

    
 

      1. Male

Fig. 11.18a, p.329

TA-146

  
 

      2. Female

Fig. 11.18b, p.329

 
 

IV. Upper Limb Muscles

      
 

    A. Scapular Movements

Table 11.12, p.329

    
 

      1. Attachment to Thorax
      
 

      2. Posterior View

Fig. 11.19a, p. 330

    
 

      3. Anterior View

Fig. 11.19b, p.330

    

15

    B. Arm Movements

Tables 11.13, p.331; & 11.14, p. 333; Fig. 11.21, p.334

    
 

      1. Anterior View

Fig. 11.20a, p.332

TA-147

  
 

      2. Posterior View

Fig. 11.20b, p.332

TA-147

  

14

      3. Rotator Cuff

Fig. 11.20c, p.332; Predict Quest. 4

TA-147

  

16

    C. Forearm Movements

Fig. 11.22, p.335

Table 11.15, p.336

    
 

      1. Extension and Flexion of the Forearm

Fig. 11.22, p.335

TA-148

  
 

      2. Pronation and Supination

Fig. 11.23, p.337; Predict Quest. 5

TA-149, TA-150

  
 

    D. Wrist, Hand, and Finger Movements

Table 11.16, pp.338-339

    

17

      1. Extrinsic Hand Muscles

Clinical Note, p.333

    

17

      2. Intrinsic Hand Muscles

Table 11.17, p.340; Figs. 11.24-11.25, p.341

 

  
 

V. Lower Limb Muscles

Fig. 11-27, p.352

    

18

    A. Thigh Movements

Table 11.18, p.342; Figs. 11.26-11.28, pp.343-344; Table 11.19, p.344

TA-151, TA-152, TA-153

 

  

19

    B. Leg Movements
      
 

        1. Anterior Compartment

Table 11.20, p.345; Fig. 11.27a, p.343

    
 

        2. Medial Compartment

Fig. 11.27b, p.343

    
 

        3. Posterior Compartment

Fig. 11.28, p.344; Clinical Note, p.338; Clinical Note, p. 339

    

19

    C. Ankle, Foot and Toe Movements

Table 11.21, pp.347-348; Fig. 11.29, p.346; Fig. 11.31, p.350

    
 

      1. Anterior Compartment

Clinical Note, p.339; Fig. 11.29a, p. 346

    
 

      2. Lateral Compartment

Fig. 11.29b, p.346

    
 

      3. Posterior Compartment

      4. Intrinsic Foot Muscles

Fig. 11.29c,d, p.346: Fig. 11.30, p.348

Table 11.22, p.349; Fig. 11.32, p.350; Clinical Note, p.344

Clinical Focus, p.351

    

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS: Much of the detailed coverage of muscle positions can be left to the laboratory, however the considerations of the naming conventions and the functioning of levers should be systematically reviewed. If two lectures can be given to the material the first session can be used discussing the regularities and generalities common to all muscles and in defining terms. The second session can be devoted to selected specific examples of how the general principles are used to understand muscle structure and function.

Emphasis should be placed on how both knowledge about joints and knowledge about muscle placements are interrelated in being able to understand and predict how body movements are produced.

The surface anatomy pictures (figs. 11.5, p.312; 11.7, p.315; 11.17, p.328; 11.21, p.334; 11.25, p.341 and 11.30, p.348) should be used to encourage students to related what they are learning about muscles to their own bodies. These pictures can also be compared to the pictures of professional body builders on p. 351.

The interests and major career goals of the students should be considered in deciding how much of the detail to cover.

Many students may not be familiar with levers or the concept of mechanical advantage, so some time should be spent reviewing these topics as an aid to their understanding of the functions and placements of muscles.

Whenever possible the functions of organ systems of the body should be related to the concept of homeostasis and the role of each system in setting up and maintaining homeostasis, as well as what conditions are required for the optimal functioning of the organ system being studied.

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