Seeley/Anatomy and Physiology

Lecture Outline

CHAPTER OVERVIEW: This chapter provides an overview of the embryological development of the nervous system and detailed descriptions of the structure and function of the adult brain and spinal cord. Brain functions that are identified with a particular region of the brain are emphasized. Distinctions are drawn between gray and white matter and the specific functions of each in the production and coordination of whole brain activity. The meninges are described and their respective roles in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are explained.

OUTLINE (three or four fifty-min. lectures):

Chapt. Object.	Topic Outline, Chapter 13	Figures & Tables	Trnspcy. Acetates	Trnspcy. Masters
1	I. Development 1. Neural Plate and Notochord	Table 13.1, p.379; Fig. 13.1, p.378 Fig. 13.2, p.378; Fig. 13.3, p. 379	TA-167 TA-168
	2. Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
	a. Telencephalon
	b. Diencephalon
	3. Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
	4. Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
	a. Metencephalon
	b. Myelencephalon
2, 3	II. Brainstem	Fig. 13.4, p.381; Table 13.2, p.380
	A. Medulla Oblongata	Fig. 13.5, p.382	TA-169	TM-35
	1. Nuclei with Specialized Functions		TA-170
	2. Pyramids and Decussating Tracts
	3. The Olives
	4. Nuclei - Cranial Nerves IX, X, XI, and XII
	B. Pons
	1. Ascending and Descending Tracts
	2. Pontine Nuclei
	3. Nuclei - Cranial Nerves V, VI, VII, and IX
	C. Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
	1. Tectum = Corpora Quadragemini
	a. Superior Colliculi	Fig. 13.6, p.383; Clinical Note, p.383
	b. Inferior Colliculi
	2. Tegmentum
	a. Ascending Tracts
	b. Red Nuclei
	3. Cerebral Peduncles
	4. Substantia Nigra
	5. Nuclei - Cranial Nerves III, IV and V
4	D. Reticular Formation	Predict Quest. 1 & Clinical Note, p. 383
2, 4	III. Diencephalon	Fig. 13.7a, p.384	TA-171
	A. Thalamus	Fig. 13.7b, p.384	TA-172
	1. Intermediate Mass
	2. Sensory Processing Nuclei
	a. Medial Geniculate Nucleus
	b. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
	c. Ventral Posterior Nucleus
	d. Lateral Posterior Nucleus
	e. Pulvinar
	3. Nuclei with Motor Involvement
	a. Ventral Anterior Nucleus
	b. Ventral Lateral Nucleus
	4. Nuclei Associated with Limbic System and Emotions
	a. Anterior Nucleus
	b. Medial Nucleus
	c. Lateral Dorsal Nucleus
	B. Subthalamus	Fig. 13.7a, p.384	TA-171
	C. Epithalamus	Fig. 13.7a, p.384; Clinical Note, p.385	TA-171
	1. Habenular Nuclei
	2. Pineal Body (Epiphysis)
	D. Hypothalamus	Table 13.3, p.386; Fig. 13.7a,c, p.384	TA-173
	1. Mamillary Bodies
	2. Infundibulum to Neurohypophysis
	3. Major Integrating Center for "Mood" and Sense of Well-Being

2	IV. Cerebrum	Fig. 13.8a, p.387
	1. Longitudinal Fissure
	2. Central Sulcus
	a. Precentral Gyrus
	b. Postcentral Gyrus
	3. Lateral Fissure
	4. Lobes	Fig. 13.8b, p.387
	a. Frontal Lobe
	b. Parietal Lobe
	c. Occipital Lobe
	d. Temporal Lobe
	e. Insula
	5. Nuclei and Cortical & Medullary Regions	Fig. 13.9, p.388		TM-36
	6. Medullary Tracts
	a. Association Fibers
	b. Commissural Fibers
	c. Projection Fibers
2, 6	A. Cerebral Cortex	Fig. 13.10, p.388		TM-37
	a. Primary Sensory Areas
	1). Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex or General Sensory Area = Postcentral Gyrus	Fig. 13.11, p.389		TM-38 TM-39
	2). Taste Area
	3). Olfactory Area
	4). Primary Auditory Cortex
	5). Visual cortex
	b. Association Areas
	1). Somesthetic Association Area
	2). Visual Association Area	Predict Quest. 2
	c. Primary Motor Cortex = Precentral Gyrus
	d. Premotor Area	Clinical Note, p.390
	e. Prefrontal Area	Clinical Note, p.390
7	1. Speech	Fig. 13.12, p.391; Clinical Note 3, p.390; Predict Quest. 3
	d. Wernicke's Area
	e. Broca's Area
8	2. Brain Waves	Fig. 13.13, p.391	TA-174
	a. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
	b. Alpha Waves
	c. Beta Waves
	d. Theta Waves
	e. Delta Waves
9	3. Memory	Clinical Note, p.392
	a. Sensory Memory
	b. Short-Term Memory
	c. Long-Term Memory
	1). Long-Term Potentiation
	2). Memory Engrams
	3). Declarative Memory
	a). Hippocampus
	b). Amygdaloid Nucleus
	4). Procedural or Reflexive Memory
	4. Right and Left Cortex
	a. Localization of Some Functions and Hemispheric Dominance	Clinical Note, p.393
	b. Communication Between Hemispheres
	1). Commisures
	2). Corpus Callosum
10	B. Basal Ganglia - Functionally Related Nuclei	Fig. 13.14, p.393; Clinical Focus, p.395	TA-175
	1. Subthalamic Nucleus - Diencephalon
	2. Substantia Nigra - Midbrain
	3. Corpus Striatum - Cerebrum
	a. Lentiform Nucleus
	b. Caudate Nucleus
11	C. Limbic System	Fig. 13.15, p.394	TA-176
	1. Cingulate Gyrus
	2. Hippocampus
	3. Habenular Nuclei
	4. Parts of the Basal Ganglia
	5. Mamillary Bodies
	6. Olfactory Cortex
	7. Association Tracts such as Fornix

2, 12	V. Cerebellum	Fig. 13.16, p.396
	A. General Structure
	1. Cerebellar Peduncles
	2. Folia rather than Gyri
	3. Sub-Parts
	a. Flocculonodular Lobe
	b. Vermis
	c. Lateral Hemispheres
	B. Cross Section	Clinical Note, p.396
	1. Fine Motor control
	2. Cerebellar Comparator Function	Fig. 13.17, p.397		TM-40

	VI. Spinal Cord
	A. General Structure	Fig.13.18, p.398		TM-41
	1. Cervical Enlargement
	2. Lumbar Enlargement	Predict Quest. 4
	3. Conus Medullaris and Cauda Equina
	4. Filum Terminale
13	B. Cross Section	Fig.13.19, p.399	TA-177
	1. Landmarks
	a. Anterior Median Fissure
	b. Posterior Median Sulcus
	c. Central Canal
	d. Gray and White Commissures
	2. Outer White Matter
	a. Right and Left Funiculi (Columns)
	1). Anterior (Ventral) Column
	2). Posterior (Dorsal) Column
	3). Lateral Column
	b. Fasciculi = Nerve Tracts
	3. Central Gray Matter
	a. Posterior (Dorsal) Horn
	b. Anterior (Ventral) Horn
	c. Lateral Horn
	4. Connections/Extensions to Spinal Nerves
	a. Dorsal (Posterior) Root
	1). Afferent Fibers
	2). Cell Bodies in Dorsal Root Ganglion	Predict Quest. 5
	b. Ventral (Anterior) Root
	1). Efferent Fibers
	2). Cell bodies in Anterior and Lateral Horns

14	VII. Spinal Reflexes
	A. Stretch Reflex	Fig. 13.20a, p.400; Clinical Note, p.400		TM-42
	1. Muscle Spindles - Sensory Receptors
	2. Gamma Motor Neurons - to Muscle Spindle
	3. Alpha Motor Neurons - to Skeletal Muscle Motor Units
	4. No Association Neurons - Single Synapse in Spinal Cord
	B. Golgi Tendon Reflex	Fig. 13.20b, p.400
	1. Golgi Tendon Organs - Sensory Receptors
	2. Inhibitory Association Neurons in Spinal Cord
	C. Withdrawal Reflex	Fig. 13.20c, p.402
	1. Reciprocal Innervation	Fig. 13.20d, p.402		TM-43
	2. Crossed-extensor Reflex	Fig. 13.20e, p.403; Predict Quest. 6		TM-44

	VIII.Spinal Pathways	Fig. 13-21, p.419	TA-178
	A. Ascending Pathways	Table 13.4, pp.404-405
	a. Primary Neurons from Periphery to Spinal Cord
	1). Sensory Neurons
	2). Cell Bodies in Dorsal Root Ganglion
	b. Secondary Neurons from Spinal Cord to Thalamus
	1). Cell Bodies in Spinal Gray Matter
	2). Axons Cross-Over
	c. Tertiary Neurons from Thalamus to Sensory Cortex
15	1. Spinothalamic System	Fig. 13.22, p.407
	a. Lateral Spinothalamic Tracts	Fig. 13.22a, p.407	TA-179
	1). Pain Information	Clinical Focus & Fig. 13A, pp.408-409
	2). Temperature Information
	b. Anterior Spinothalamic Tracts	Fig. 13.22b, p.407; Predict Quest. 7	TA-180
	1). Light Touch and Pressure Information
	2). Tickle and Itch Sensation
	c. Association Fibers Between Primary and Secondary Fibers
	d. Pathway Joined by Fibers from Trigeminothalamic Tract in Brainstem - Collateral Branches to Reticular Formation
15	2. Dorsal Column / Medial Lemniscal System	Fig. 13.23, p.410	TA-181
	a.Two-Point Discrimination and Proprioception Information	Fig. 13.24, p.411
	b. Crossing-Over in Medulla	Predict Quest. 8
	c. Fasciculus Gracilis
	1). From Nerve Endings Below Midthorax
	2). Cell Body of Secondary Neuron in Nucleus Gracilis
	d. Fasciculus Cuneatus
	1). From Nerve Endings Above Midthorax
	2). Cell Body of Secondary Neuron in Nucleus Cuneatus	Predict Quest. 9
	3. Spinocerebellar System & Other Tracts
	a. Posterior Spinocerebellar Tracts	Fig. 13.25, p.411	TA-182
	1). Uncrossed Proprio-ceptive Information
	2). From Thoracic and Upper Lumbar Regions
	3). Enter Cerebellum through Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles
	b. Anterior Spinocerebellar Tracts
	1). Crossed and Uncrossed Proprioceptive Information
	2). From Lower Trunk and Lower Limbs	Predict Quest. 10
	3). Enter Cerebellum through Superior Cerebellar Peduncles
	4). Crossed Fibers Recross in Cerebellum
	c. Spino-Olivary Tracts
	d. Spinotectal Tracts
	e. Spinoreticular Tracts
	B. Descending Pathways	Table 13.5, pp.404-405; Clinical Note, p.412
	a. Upper Motor Neurons - Cell Bodies in Cortex, Cerebellum or Brainstem
	b. Lower Motor Neurons - Cell Bodies in Anterior Horn of Spinal Cord or Cranial Nerve Nuclei
	c. Direct Pathways and Pyramidal System	Fig. 13.26, p.412	TA-183
	d. Indirect Pathways and Extrapyramidal System
16	1. Direct Pathways a. Corticospinal Tract b. Corticobulbar Tract c. Lateral Corticospinal Tract d. Anterior Corticospinal tract 2. Indirect Pathways a. Rubrospinal Tract b. Vestibulospinal Tract c. Reticulospinal Tract 3. Descending Pathways Modulating Sensation	Fig. 13.27, p.413 Fig. 13.28, p.414 Clinical Note, p.415	TA-184 TA-185
	a. Collateral Axons from Corticospinal Tracts
	b. Secrete Endorphins

	IX. Meninges & Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
17	A. Meninges	Fig. 13.29, p.416	TA-186; TA-187
	1. Dura Mater
	a. Falx Cerebri
	b. Tentorium Cerebelli
	c. Falx Cerebelli
	d. Epidural Space in Vertebral Canal - Site of Epidural Anesthesia Administration
	e. Venous Dural Sinuses in Skull
	2. Subdural Space	Clinical Note, p.415
	3. Arachnoid Layer
	4. Subarachnoid Space	Clinical Note, p.417
	a. Strands of Arachnoid layer
	b. Blood Vessels
	c. Filled with CSF
18	B. Ventricles	Fig. 13.30, p.417	TA-188
	1. Ependymal Cell Lining
	2. Names and Connections
	a. Two Lateral Ventricles
	b. Third Ventricle
	c. Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius)
	d. Fourth Ventricle - Continuous with Central Canal
19	C. Cerebrospinal Fluid	Fig. 13.31, p.420; Clinical Notes 1 & 2, p.421	TA-189
	1. Secreted from Choroid Plexuses
	2. Openings to Subarachnoid Space
	a. Median Foramen (of Magendie)
	b. Two Lateral Foramina (of Luschka)
	3. Returned to Blood Across Arachnoid Granulations

	X. Systems Pathology: Stroke	Clinical Focus, pp.422-423; Systemic Interactions, p.423

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS: This material logically splits into six basic topic areas, the organization of the brain, the functional relationships among the parts of the brain, the organization of the spinal cord, the functional relationships among the parts of the spinal cord, the functional relationships between the spinal cord and the brain (including the circulation of CSF), and the unifying concept of the role of the CNS in homeostasis. One or two lectures could easily be spent on each of the six topics, so the degree of detail for which students will be accountable needs to be set to determine the precise amount of lecture and lab time to be spent on each topic.

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