Lecture Outline

CHAPTER OVERVIEW: This chapter briefly reviews all of the fundamental chemistry knowledge required to understand the physiological mechanisms and cellular structures presented later in the text. Chemical symbols, atomic structures, types of bonds, nature of solutions, and types of chemical reactions are discussed. The relation of energy to chemical processes is included. The four major classes of macromolecules are introduced. The structure, properties, and biological importance of each of these molecules is discussed.

OUTLINE (one or two fifty-minute lectures)

Chapt. Object.

Topic Outline, Chapter 2

 

Figures & Tables

Trnspcy.
Acetates

Trnspcy.
Masters
 

I. Basic Chemistry

      

1

    A. Matter , Mass, and Weight

Predict Quest. 1

    

1

    B. Elements and Atoms
      

2

      1. Atomic Structure
      
 

        a. Nucleus

Fig. 2.1, p. 27

TA-10

  
 

          1). Protons
      
 

          2). Neutrons
      
 

        b. Electrons
      
 

          1). Electron "clouds"
      
 

          2). Electron Density Diagram

Fig. 2.1, p. 27

    
 

      2. Atomic Number and Mass Number

Table 2.1, p. 26
Fig. 2.2, p. 28
Predict Quest. 2

    

3

 

 

 

3

      3. Isotopes and Atomic Mass

 

 

 

      4. The Mole and Molar Mass

Fig. 2.3, p. 28
Table 2.1, p. 26
Clinical Focus, p. 33
Predict Quest. 3

    

4

    C. Electrons and Chemical Bonding
      
 

      1. Ionic Bonding

Fig. 2-4, p.28;
Table 2.2, p. 29

TA-11

  
 

        a. Ions
      
 

        b. Cations and Anions
      
 

      2. Covalent Bonding

Fig. 2.5, p. 29

TA-12

  
 

        a. Single v. Double Bonds
      
 

        b. Polar v. Non-polar Bonds

Fig. 2.6, p. 30

TA-13

  

 

5

      3. Metallic Bonding

    D. Molecules and Bonding

 

    E. Intermolecular Forces
      1. Hydrogen Bonds

 

      2. Solubility and Dissociation

        a. Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

 

Table 2.3, p. 30
Predict Quest. 4

 

Fig. 2.7, p. 31
Table 2.4, p. 32

Fig. 2.8, p. 32

 

 

 

 

TA-14

 

TA-15

  

6

II. Chemical Reactions

Fig. 2.9, p. 34

    
 

    A. Synthesis Reactions

Fig. 2.10, p. 34

TA-16

  
 

      1. Dehydration Reactions & Anabolism

 

 

 

 

  
 

    B. Decomposition Reactions

Fig. 2.10, p. 34

    
 

      1. Decomposition Reaction
      
 

      2. Hydrolysis Reactions
      
 

      3. Catabolism and Metabolism
      
 

    C. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Predict Quest. 5

    
 

    D. Reversible Reactions

Predict Quest. 6

    

7

    E. Rate of Chemical Reactions
    1. Reactants
    2. Concentration
    3. Temperature
    4. Catalyst

 

      

8

III. Energy

      
 

    A. Electric Energy
      
 

    B. Electromagnetic Energy
      
 

    C. Chemical Energy
      

9

      1. Metabolism

Fig. 2.11, p. 37

TA-17

  
 

      2. Photosynthesis
      
 

    D. Mechanical Energy
  

 
 

    E. Heat Energy

Predict Quest. 7

    
 

IV. Inorganic Chemistry

      

10

    A. Water

Figs. 2.6-2.7,
p.30-1

    
 

      1. Stabilizing Body Temperature
      
 

      2. Protection
      
 

      3. Chemical Reactions

Fig. 2.10, p. 34

    
 

      4. Mixing Medium
      

11

    B. Solution Concentrations
      
 

      a. Osmolality
      

12

    C. Acids and Bases
      

13

      1. The pH Scale

Fig. 2.12, p.40

  

TM-3
 

        a. Neutral = pH of 7.0

Clinical Note, p. 40

    
 

        b. Acidic = pH< 7.0
      
 

        c. Basic (Alkaline) = pH> 7.0
      

13

      2. Salts

Fig. 2.8, p. 32

    
 

      3. Buffers

Predict Quest. 8

    

14

    D. Oxygen
      

14

    E. Carbon Dioxide
      
 

V. Organic Chemistry

      

15

    A. Carbohydrates

Table 2.5, p. 43

    
 
      1. Monosaccharides
      2. Disaccharides

Fig. 2-13, p. 42
Fig. 2-14, p. 43

TA-18

 

TM-4
 

      3. Polysaccharides

Fig. 2-14, p. 43

    

16

    B. Lipids

Table 2.6, p. 46

    
 

      a. Fats
      
 

      b. Triacylglycerols

      c. Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fig. 2.15, p. 44

Fig. 2.16, p. 45

TA-19

  
 

      d. Phospholipids

      e. Prostaglandins

      f. Steroids

Fig. 2.17, p. 45

 

Fig. 2.18, p. 46

  

TM-5

 

TM-6
 

      g. Fat-soluble Vitamins
      
 

    C. Proteins
      

17

      1. Protein Structure

Fig. 2.19, p.47

    
 

        a. Primary Structure

Fig. 2.21A, p. 48

TA-20

  
 

          1). Amino Acids
    

TM-7
 

          2). Peptide Bonds

Fig. 2.20, p. 47

  

TM-8
 

        b. Secondary Structure

          1). Denaturation

Fig. 2.21B, p. 48

TA-20

  
 

        c. Tertiary Structure

Fig. 2.21C, p. 48

"

  
 

        d. Quaternary Structure

Fig. 2.21D, p. 48

"

  

17

      2. Enzymes

Table 2.7, p. 49

    
 

        a. Activation Energy

Fig. 2.22, p. 49

TA-21

  
 

        b. Specificity of Active Sites

Fig. 2.23, p. 50

Predict Quest. 9

TA-22

  
 

          1). Lock & Key Model
      
 

          2). Induced Fit Model
      
 

        c. Cofactors and Coenzymes
      

18

    D. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

Fig. 2.26, p. 52

TA-24

  
 

      a. Nucleotides

Fig. 2.24, p. 51
Fig. 2.25, p. 50

 

TA-23

TM-9
 

      b. Chromatin
      
 

      c. Chromosomes
      

19

    E. Adenosine Triphosphate

Fig. 2.27, p. 53

    

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS: If material is to be covered in only one lecture, one has to be highly selective in choosing what to include. The concept of energy and the relation between chemical bonds and potential energy may be more important for students who are poorly trained in chemistry than the actual structure of the macromolecules.

If one can take two lecture periods to cover the material, a nice conceptual break occurs between the general chemistry and the organic/biologically important molecules and their functions in living things. As always it is the interrelation between structure and function that should be stressed.

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