Lecture Outline

CHAPTER OVERVIEW: This chapter introduces the parts of the eukaryotic cell which will be further developed in future chapters to explain the functions performed by particular tissues and organs. The mechanisms used to transport materials across a semi-permeable membrane are explained. The processes of protein synthesis, as well as mitosis and meiosis, are described in some detail.

OUTLINE (one or two fifty-minute lectures):

 Chapt. Object.

Topic Outline, Chapter 3

 

Figures & Tables

Trnspcy. Acetates

Trnspcy.

Masters

 

1

I. How We Learn About Cells

II. Plasma Membrane

 

Fig. 3.1, p.59

 

TA-25

  
 

    1. Lipid Bilayer

Fig. 3.2, p.60

TA-26

  
 

      a. Phospholipids
      
 

      b. Cholesterol
      
 

    2. Proteins

Fig. 3.3,p. 61

TA-27

  
 

      a. Integral or Intrinsic v. Peripheral or Extrinsic Proteins

Fig. 3.4, p.62

TA-28

  
 

      b. Channel Proteins

Fig. 3.5a, p.63

TA-29

  
 

        1). Receptor molecules

Fig. 3.5b, p.63

    
 

        2). Marker molecules

Fig. 3.5c, p.63

    

2

III. The Nucleus

      
 

    1. Nuclear Envelope

Fig. 3.6, p.64

TA-30

  
 

    2. Nuclear Pores

Clinical Note, p.61

    

2

    3. Nucleolus
      

3

IV. Cytoplasm

      
 

    A. Cytosol
      
 

      1. Fluid Portion
      
 

        a. Complex Solution - Colloid
      
 

        b. Rich in Proteins, Enzymes
      

4

      2. Cytoskeleton

Fig. 3.7, p.65

  

TM-11
 

        a. Tubulin and Microtubules
      
 

        b. Actin and Microfilaments
      
 

        c. Intermediate Filaments
      
 

      3. Cytoplasmic Inclusions
      
 

        a. Chemical Aggregates
      
 

        b. Lipochromes
      

3

    B. Organelles
      
 

      1. Ribosomes

Fig. 3.8, p.66

    
 

        a. Made of Protein and rRNA
      
 

        b. Free Ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes
     

5

      2. Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)

Fig. 3.9, p.66

  

TM-12
 

        a. Connections to Nuclear Envelope
      
 

        b. Rough E.R.
  

 
 

          1. Ribosomes Attached
     
 

          2. Protein Synthesis
     
 

        c. Smooth E. R.
      
 

          1. Site of Lipid Synthesis
     
 

          2. Detoxification Rxns.
     
 

          3. Intracellular Compartment Formation
     

6

      3. The Golgi Apparatus

Fig. 3.10, p.67

  

TM-12
 

        a. Flattened Sacs of Membrane Surrounding Cisternae
      
 

        b. Involved in Modifying, Packaging and Distributing Proteins and Lipids, Esp. for Secretion

Fig. 3.11, p.68

TA-31

  
 

      4. Secretory Vesicles
     
 

        a. Secretory Vesicles Between Golgi Apparatus and Plasma Membrane

Fig. 3.11, p.68

    

7

      5. Lysosomes

Fig. 3.12, p.68 Clinical Note, p.68

TA-32

  
 

        a. Specialized Vesicle
     
 

        b. Contain Hydrolytic Enzymes
     
 

        c. Autophagia
     

7

      6. Peroxisomes
     
 

        a. Similar to Lysosomes
     
 

        b. Contains Catalase
     
 

        c. Associated with Detoxification
     

8

      7. Mitochondria

Fig. 3.13, p.69

  

TM-13
 
          a. Double Membrane
          b. Major Sites of ATP Production
          c. Matrix Between Membranes Contains Enzymes of Citric Acid Cycle
          d. Inner Membrane
            1). Folds Called Cristae
            2). Components of Electron Transport Chain
          e. Contains Its Own DNA

Clinical Note, p.73
Predict Quest. 1

    

9

      8. Centrioles and Spindle Fibers

Fig. 3.14, p.70

  

TM-14
 

        a. Formed of Microtubules
      
 

        b. Centrosome Site of Microtubule Formation for Cytoskeleton
      
 

        c. Spindle Fibers
     
 

          1). Form After Centrioles Have Duplicated
     
 

          2). Attach to Kinetochore of Chromosomes
     
 

          3). Produce Movement of Chromosomes During Cell Division
      

9

      9. Cilia and Flagella

Fig. 3-11, p.75

    
 

        a. Anchored by Basal Body, 9+2 Arrangement of Microtubules
      
 

        b. Produce Active Movement
     
 

          1). Short Cilia Move Things Over Cell Surface

Fig. 3.15, p.71

  

TM-15
 

          2). Longer Flagella Move Whole Cells
      

9

      10. Microvilli

Fig. 3.16, p. 72

  

TM-16
 

        a. Extensions of Plasma Membrane, Shorter than Cilia
      
 

        b. Increase Surface Area of Cell
     
         
 

V. Cell Functions

Table 3.1, p.73

    
         
 

VI. Movement through the Plasma Membrane

Table 3.2, p.84

    

10

      1. Membrane is Selectively Permeable

    A. Diffusion
     
 

      1. Definition

Fig. 3.17, p.75

TA-33

  
 

      2. Rate Determined by

        a. Size of Conc. Difference

Predict Quest. 2

    
 

        b. Temperature of the Solution
     
 

        c. Size of Solute Molecules
      
 

        d. Viscosity of Solvent
      

11

    B. Osmosis

Fig. 3.18, p. 76

TA-34

  
 

      1. Definition
     
 

      2. Net Movement of Water is in Opposite Direction of Solute Concentration Gradient
     
 

      3. Osmotic Pressure - Definition

Predict Quest. 3

    
 

        a. Two Solutions are Isosmotic, Hyperosmotic or Hyposmotic in Comparison to Each Other
      
 

        b. A Solution is Isotonic, Hypertonic or Hypotonic in Comparison to a Cell

Fig. 3.19a, p.77

    
 

        c. Mismatches Can Produce Crenation or Lysis

Fig.3.19a,b, p.77

    
 

    C. Filtration
      
 

      1. Definition
      
 

      2. Net Rate of Filtration Determined by
     
 

        a. Size of Holes in Barrier
     
 

        b. Net Pressure Difference Across Barrier
     

12

    D. Mediated Transport Mechanisms
      
 

      1. General Characteristics of All Types

Fig. 3.20a,b, p.78

  

TM-17
 

        a. Greater Specificity - Membrane Protein Acts as Carrier Molecule

Fig. 3.21a, p.78

  

TM-18

 
 

        b. Competition for Carriers

Fig. 3.21b, p.78

    
 

        c. Saturation of Carriers Produces Maximum Transport Rates

Fig. 3.22, p. 79

  

TM-19

13

      2. Facilitated Diffusion
      
 

        a. Movement in Direction of Solute's Concentration Gradient
     
 

        b. Rate of Transport Proportional to Conc. Difference up to Saturation Point

Predict Quest. 4

    

13

      3. Active Transport

Fig. 3.23, p.80

TA-35

  
 

        a. Movement Against Solute's Concentration Gradient
     
 

        b. Requires the Input of ATP Energy

Clinical Note, p.80

    
 

        c. Movement of Two Substances in Opposite Directions Possible (Na+/ K+ Pump as Example)
     

13

      4. Secondary Active Transport

Fig. 3.24, p.81

  

TM-20
 

        a. Active Transport Enhances an Ion's Concentration Gradient
     
 

        b. Ion Moving Along It's Conc. Gradient Drives Movement of Second Molecule
     
 

        c. Cotransport - Both Ion and Second Molecule are Moved in Same Direction
     
 

        d. Countertransport - Ion and Second Molecule are Moved in Opposite Directions

Predict Quest. 5

    

13

    E. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
      
 

      1. Endocytosis - Movement Into Cell
     
 

        a. Phagocytosis - Engulfment of Large Particle or Cell

Fig. 3.25a,b, p. 82

    
 

        b. Pinocytosis - Engulfment of Materials in Solution

Fig. 3.25c,d, p.82

    
 

        c. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis More Specific

Fig. 3.25e, p.82
Clinical Note, p.83

    
 

        d. Endocytotic Vesicles Often Fuse with Lysosomes Intracellularly
      
 

      3. Exocytosis - Movement Out of Cell

Fig. 3.26, p.83

    
 

        a. Final Stages of Secretory Vesicles from Golgi Apparatus
      
 

        b. Opposite of Endocytosis
      

14

VII. Cell Metabolism

      1. Glycolysis

        a. Conversion of glucose to pyruvate

Fig. 3.27, p.85

 

TA-36

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15

      2. Aerobic Respiration
        a. Oxygen Available
        b. Produces More ATP
        c. Necessary to Maintain Human Life

      3. Anareobic Respiration
        a. Occurs without Oxygen
        b. Less ATP Produced

VIII. Protein Synthesis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 3.28, p.86

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TA-37

  
 
      1. Under Control of DNA
      2. Three Nucleotides Makes Up a Triplet
      3. All Triplets Needed to Code for a Protein Constitute a Gene

    A. Transcription
     
 

      1. Synthesis of RNA from Pattern in DNA

Fig. 3.29, p. 87

TA-38

  
 

        a. Using RNA Nucleotides
     
 

        b. Adenine Pairs with Thymine or Uracil
     
 

        c. Guanine Pairs with Cytosine
     
 

      2. Types of RNA
     
 

        a. Messenger (mRNA)
      
 

        b. Transfer (tRNA)
     
 

        c. Ribosomal (rRNA)
     
 

      3. Transcription Units and Genes
     
 

        a. More DNA in Genes than Codes for mRNA
     
 

        b. Post-Transcriptional Processing

Fig. 3.30, p.87: Clinical Note, p.87

    
 

    B. Translation

Fig. 3.31, p.89

TA-39

  
 
      1. mRNA Codons Matched to tRNA Anticodons
      2. During Posttranslation Processing, Proproteins, Proenzymes are Shortened
      3. Function of Polyribosomes

 

 

 

Predict Quest. 6

    
 

    C. Regulation of Protein Synthesis
      
 

      1. Accounts for Differences in Cellular Specialization
      
 

      2. Involves Function of Nuclear Proteins
      

16

IX. Cell Life Cycle

Fig. 3.32, p.90

  

TM-21
 

    A. Interphase
      
 

      1. Most of a Cell's Life, Specialized Functions
      
 

    B. DNA Replication

 

    C. Cell Division
      1. Consists of Nuclear Division (Mitosis) Followed by Cytokinesis

Fig. 3.33, p. 91
Predict Quest. 7

 

TA-40

  
 

    D. Mitosis
      
 

        a. Two Diploid (N=46) Products Result
     
 

        b. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Fig. 3.34, pp.92-93

    
 

    E. Cytokinesis

Fig. 3.34d-f, p. 93

    

17

X. Meiosis

      1. Meiosis in Sex Cells

Fig. 3.35, p. 94; Table 3.3, p. 95

    
 

        a. Four Haploid (N=23) Products Result
      
 

        b. Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Interkinesis (NO DNA Replication Here), Prophase II, Telophase II

Fig. 3.35, p. 94

    
 

        c. Crossing-Over During Synapsis of Prophase I

Fig. 3.36, p.95
Clinical Focus, p.93

    

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS: If this material is to be covered in one lecture or only part of one lecture as an introduction to histology, then obviously a detailed presentations of cellular organelles will not be possible. As long as more detailed knowledge is not required, students can be asked to learn the basic information through their reading. The details of the cell life cycle and cell division may also be expendable at this point in the course for some groups of students.

If this material is to be covered in two lecture sessions, then the natural logical break is to discuss the cell parts and transport functions in one session followed by the whole cell activities in the second session.

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