Lecture Outline

CHAPTER OVERVIEW: This chapter gives a general orientation to the organization of the human skeleton. The axial skeleton is considered first, followed by the pectoral girdle and upper limb, and then the pelvic girdle and lower limb. The skull is treated in detail. All bony landmarks are correlated to the soft tissue structures such as muscles, nerves, and blood vessels most closely associated with them. Relationships between the structure and the function of bones and bone structures are stressed.

OUTLINE (two or three fifty-min. lectures):

 Chapt. Object.

Topic Outline, Chapter 7

 

Figures & Tables

Trnspcy. Acetates

Trnspcy.
Masters

 

 

1

 I. General Considerations
    A. Number and Cateory of Bones
    B. The Complete Skeleton

Table 7.1, p.183

 

Fig. 7.1, p.184; Table 7.2, p.185

TA-84,85

 

TA-84,85

  
 

II. Axial Skeleton

      
 

    A. The Skull
      

2

2
        a. Cranial Vault Bones (8 total)
        b. Facial Bones (14)

Fig. 7.2, pp.186-192

    

 

4
      1. Unit Skull

      2. Superior View of the Skull

Table 7.3, p.192

Fig. 7.3, p. 193 Predict Quest. 1

    

 

 

 

 

4
        a. Parietal Bones
        b. Frontal Bones
        c. Sagittal Suture
        d. Coronal Suture
      3. Posterior View of the Skull
        a. Occipital Bone
        b. Lambdoid Suture
        c. Sutural Bones

 

 

 

Clinical Note, p.184

Fig. 7.4, p.193

 

 

 

 

TA-86

  
 
        d. External Occipital Protuberance
      
 
        e. Ligamentum Nuchae & Nuchal Lines

Clinical Note, p.185

    

4

      4. Lateral View of the Skull

        a. Squamous Suture

Fig. 7.5, p.194

TA-87

  
 
        b. External Auditory Meatus
     
 
        c. Mastoid Process
     
 
        d. Mastoid Air Cells
     
 
        d. Temporal Lines
        e. Sphenoid Bone
        f. Zygomatic Bone

Clinical Note, p.185

 

Fig. 7.6, p.195

    
 
        g. Zygomatic Arch
        h. Maxilla
        i. Mandible
      

4
      5. Frontal View of the Skull

Fig. 7.7 p.195

Fig. 7.8, p.196

TA-88

  
 
        a. Orbit

Table 7.4 & Fig. 7.9, p.196

Clinical Note, p.194

TA-89

 

  
 
        b. Nasal Cavities & Nasal Conchae

Table 7.5, p.197 & Table 7.6, p.198 Clinical Note, p.196

Fig. 7.10, p.199

Predict Quest. 2

 

 

TA-90

 

 

 
 
        c. Paranasal Sinuses

Fig. 7.11, p.200

    

3
      6. Interior of the Cranial Vault

Fig. 7.12, p.201

TA-91

  
 
        a. Crista Galli

Clinical Note, p.198

    
 
        b. Cribriform Plate
     
 
        c. Olfactory Foramina
     
 
        d. Sella Turcica

Table 7.5, p.197

    
 
        e. Foramen Magnum
     

4
      7. Inferior View of the Skull

Fig. 7.13, p.201

TA-92

  
 
        a. Occipital Condyles
     
 
        b. Carotid Canals
     
 
        c. Foramen Lacerum
     
 
        d. Jugular Foramina
     
 
        e. Styloid Processes
     
 
        f. Mandibular Fossa
     
 
        g. Medial & Lateral Pterygoid Plates
     
 
        h. Hard Palate

Clinical Note, p.200

    

5

    B. The Vertebral Column

Fig. 7.14, p.202

TA-93

  
 

      1. General Organization
      

6
        a. Cervical Vertebrae (7)
     

6
        b. Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
     

6
        c. Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
     

6
        d. Sacrum (1)
     
 
        e. Coccygeal Bone (1)

Clinical Note, p.202

    
 
      2. General Plan of the Vertebrae
      
 

        a. Functions

Table 7.7, p.203

    
 

        b. General Structure

Fig. 7.16, p.204

TA-94

  
 

          1). Body

Clinical Note, p.203

    
 

          2). Intervertebral Disks

Fig. 7.17, p.204

TA-95

  
 
            a) anulus fibrosus
     
 
            b) nucleus pulposus
     
 
          3). Vertebral Arch
     
 
          4). Vertebral Foramen & Vertebral Canal

Clinical Note, p.203

    
 
          5). Transverse Process
     
 
          6). Spinous Process

Fig. 7.19, p.205

    
 
          7). Intervertebral Foramina
     
 
          8). Superior & Inferior Articular Processes
     

6
      3. Regional Differences
     
 
          1). Cervical Vertebrae

Fig. 7.20a-c, p.206

Clinical Note, p.205

TA-96

  
 
          2). Thoracic Vertebrae

Fig. 7.20d, p.206

TA-97

  
 
          3). Lumbar Vertebrae

Fig. 7.20e, p.206

Predict Quest. 3

 
 
          4). Single Fused Sacrum

Fig. 7.20f, p.206

Clinical Note, p.205

TA-98

  
 
          5). Single Fused Coccyx

Clinical Note, p.206

 

7

    C. The Thoracic Cage

Fig. 7.21, p.207

TA-99

  
 
      1. Ribs and Costal Cartilages
      
 
        a. Ribs (12 pairs)
      
 
          1). True or Vertebrosternal Ribs (7 pairs)
 

 

 

  
 
          2). False Ribs
     
 
            a) Vertebrochondral Ribs (3 pairs)
     
 
            b) Floating or Vertebral Ribs (2 pairs)
     
 
          3). Parts: Head, Neck, Body, Angle

Fig. 7.21b, p.207

Clinical Note, p.207

    
         

8
      2. Sternum
        a. Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid Process

 

Fig. 7.21, p.207;

Fig. 7.22, p.208

Clinical Note, p.208

    
         
 

III. Appendicular Skeleton

      
 

    A. Upper Limb
      

9

      1. Pectoral Girdle
     
 
        a. Scapula

Fig. 7.23, p.209

    
 
          1). Processes
     
 
          2). Other Landmarks
     
 
        b. Clavicle

Fig. 7.21, p.208 Predict Quest. 4

    

10

      2. Arm

Fig. 7.24, p.210

TA-100

  
 
        a. Processes

Clinical Note, p.209

    
 
        b. Other Landmarks
     

11
      3. Forearm

Fig. 7.25, p.211; Predict Quest. 5

Clinical Note, p.210

    
 
        a. Processes
     
 
        b. Other Landmarks

Fig. 7.26, p.211

    

12
      4. Wrist

Fig. 7.27, p.223

TA-101

  
 
        a. Bones

   
 
        b. Articulations
     
 
        c. Carpal Tunnel

Clinical Note, p.211

    

13
      5. Hand

Fig. 7.27, p.212; Predict Quest. 6

    
 

    B. Lower Limb

      
 
      1. Pelvic Girdle

Fig. 7.28, p.213; Clinical Note, p.212

TA-102

  

14
        a. Os Coxae

Fig. 7.29, p.214

TA-103

  
 
        b. Processes

Fig. 7.30, p.214

    
 
        c. Other Landmarks
     

15
        d. Differences Between Male and Female Pelvis

Table 7.8 & Fig. 7.31, p.215; Clinical Note, p. 213

TA-104

  

16
      2. Thigh

Fig. 7.32, p.216

TA-105

  
 
        a. Processes
     
 
        b. Patella

Fig. 7.33, p.216

Predict Quest. 7

Clinical note, p.216

    

17
      3. Leg

Fig. 7.34, p.217

    
 
        a. Processes

Fig. 7.35, p.217

    
 
        b. Other Landmarks

Predict Quest. 8

    

18
      4. Ankle

Fig. 7.36, p.230

TA-106

  
 
        a. Bones
     
 
        b. Articulations
     
 
      5. Foot

Fig. 7.36b, p.218

"

  
 

     

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS: The instructor must decide how much of this material to present in a formal lecture/discussion setting and how much may be covered more meaningfully for students when they can interact with specimens in the laboratory. The material logically separates into three parts, an introduction to bones and ligaments with a discussion of the normal functions and pathologies of the skeleton, a section on the skull and axial skeleton, and a section on the appendicular skeleton. The relationship between the structure of a particular bone and possible interactions with the soft tissues around it is an important idea for students to begin to use in development of an understanding of the skeleton.

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