Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life

Chapter Objectives

  1. Define the terms matter, mass, weight, element, and atom.
  2. Describe the subatomic particles of an atom using the terms atomic number, and electron cloud.
  3. Define isotope, atomic mass, mole, and molar mass.
  4. Explain ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding. Describe polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds.
  5. Distinguish between a molecule and a compound. Define dissociate and electrolyte.
  6. Describe and give an example of synthesis, decomposition, dehydration, hydrolysis, oxidation-reduction, and reversible reactions.
  7. List the factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions.
  8. Define potential and kinetic energy. Describe electric, electromagnetic, chemical, mechanical, and heat energy.
  9. Describe the chemical potential energy changes that take place in metabolism and photosynthesis. Use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an example.
  10. List the properties of water that make it important for living organisms.
  11. Define solution, solvent, and solute. Describe osmolality and milliosmole.
  12. Define acid and base, and differentiate between a strong acid or base and a weak acid or base.
  13. Describe the pH scale, and define salt and buffer.
  14. Explain the importance of oxygen and carbon dioxide to living organisms.
  15. Describe the chemical structure of carbohydrates, and state the role of carbohydrates in the body.
  16. List and describe the importance of the major types of lipids.
  17. Describe the different structural levels of proteins. Define enzymes and state their functions.
  18. Contrast the structure and function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
  19. Explain the function of ATP.

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