Chapter 23: Respiratory System

Chapter Objectives

  1. Describe the anatomy and histology of the respiratory passages.
  2. Distinguish between vestibular folds vocal folds, and explain how sounds of different loudness and pitch are produced.
  3. Describe the conducting and respiratory zones of the respiratory passages.
  4. List the muscles of the respiration and their functions.
  5. Describe the lungs, their membrane, and the cavities in which they lie.
  6. Describe the factors that affect the flow of air through a tube and the factors that determine the pressure of a gas.
  7. Explain the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
  8. Describe the factors that cause the alveoli to collapse and expand.
  9. Define the term compliance and give its significance.
  10. List the pulmonary volumes and capacities and define each of them.
  11. Explain the significance of forced expiratory vital capacity, minute ventilation, and alveolar ventilation.
  12. Define the terms partial pressure of a gas and water vapor pressure.
  13. Explain why the partial pressure of oxygen and of carbon dioxide are different for dry atmospheric air, alveolar air, and expired air.
  14. Describe the factors affecting movement of a gas into and through the liquid.
  15. List the components of the respiratory membrane, and explain the factors that affect gas movement through it.
  16. Explain the significance of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, and illustrate how it is influenced by exercise.
  17. Describe how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood, and discuss the chloride shift and how respiration can affect blood pH.
  18. Describe the brainstem structures that regulate respiration. Explain how rhythmic ventilation is produced.
  19. Describe the different ways by which rhythmic ventilation can be altered.

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