1 Homeostasis Figure 1.3
2 Mechanism of Negative Feedback Figure 1.4
3 Example of Negative Feedback Figure 1.5
4 Changes in Blood Pressure During Exercise Figure 1.6
5 Positive Feedback and Harmful Positive Feedback Figure 1.7, 1.8
6 Planes of Section of the Body Figure 1.10
7 Planes of Section Through an Organ Figure 1.11
8 Trunk Cavities Figure 1.14
9 Location of Serous Membranes Figure 1.16
10 Features of an Atom Figure 2.1
11 Ionic Bonds Figure 2.4a, b
12 Covalent Bonds Figure 2.5
13 Polar Covalent Bonds Figure 2.6
14 Hydrogen Bonds Figure 2.7
15 Dissociation Figure 2.8
16 Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions Figure 2.10
17 Energy and Chemical Reactions Figure 2.11
18 Monosaccharides Figure 2.13
19 Triacylglycerols Figure 2.15a
20 Protein Structure Figure 2.21
21 Activation Energy and Enzymes Figure 2.22
22 Enzyme Action Figure 2.23
23 Nitrogenous Organic Bases Figure 2.25
24 Structure of DNA Figure 2.26
25 The Cell Figure 3.1
26 Cell Membrane Figure 3.2
27 Globular Proteins in the Cell Membrane Figure 3.3
28 Channel Protein Figure 3.4
29 Membrane Proteins Figure 3.5
30 Nucleus and Nucleolus Figure 3.6
31 Function of the Golgi Apparatus Figure 3.11
32 Action of Lysosomes Figure 3.12
33 Diffusion Figure 3.17
34 Osmosis Figure 3.18
35 Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump Figure 3.23
36 Overview of Cell Metabolism Figure 3.27
37 Overview of Protein Synthesis Figure 3.28
38 Formation of mRNA by Transcription of DNA Figure 3.29
39 Translation of mRNA to Produce a Protein Figure 3.31
40 Replication of DNA Figure 3.33
41 Simple Squamous Epithelium, Stratified Squamous Epithelium Figure 4.2a, d
42 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium, Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Figure 4.2b, e
43 Simple Columnar Epithelium, Stratified Columnar Epithelium Figure 4.2c, f
44 Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium, Transitional Epithelium Figure 4.2g, h
45 Loose Connective Tissue, Reticular Tissue Figure 4.6a, g
46 Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue, Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue Figure 4.6b, c
47 Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue, Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue Figure 4.6d, e
48 Adipose Tissue, Hyaline Cartilage Figure 4.6f, i
49 Fibrocartilage, Elastic Cartilage Figure 4.6j, k
50 Compact Bone Figure 4.6m
51 Blood Figure 4.6n
52 Skeletal Muscle Figure 4.7a
53 Cardiac Muscle Figure 4.7b
54 Smooth Muscle Figure 4.7c
55 Multipolar Neurons Figure 4.8a
56 Membranes Figure 4.10
57 Inflammation Figure 4.11
58 Tissue Repair Figure 4.12
59 Skin and Hypodermis Figure 5.1
60 Dermis and Epidermis Figure 5.2
61 Epidermal Layers and Keratinization Figure 5.4
62 Melanin Transfer from Melanocyte to Keratinocytes Figure 5.5
63 Hair Follicle Figure 5.6a
64 Hair Follicle Figure 5.6c
65 Glands of the Skin Figure 5.7
66 Nail Figure 5.8a, c
67 The Rule of Nines Figure 5B
68 Structure of a Long Bone Figure 6.3a, b
69 Structure of a Long Bone Figure 6.3c
70 Bone Marrow Figure 6.4
71 Structure of a Flat Bone Figure 6.5
72 Ossification Figure 6.7
73 Cancellous Bone Figure 6.8
74 Compact Bone Figure 6.10a
75 Intramembranous Ossification Figure 6.11
76 Endochondral Ossification Figure 6.13a-c
77 Endochondral Ossification Figure 6.13d, c
78 Endochondral Ossification Figure 6.13f, g
79 Bone Growth in Length at the Epiphyseal Plate Figure 6.15
80 Remodeling of a Long Bone Figure 6.17
81 Formation of a New Osteon Figure 6.18
82 Bone Repair Figure 6.19
83 Calcium Homeostasis Figure 6.20
84 The Complete Skeleton (Anterior View) Figure 7.1a
85 The Complete Skeleton (Posterior View) Figure 7.1b
86 Skull as Seen From Posterior View Figure 7.4
87 Lateral View of the Skull as Seen from the Right Side Figure 7.5
88 Skull as Seen from the Frontal View Figure 7.7
89 Bones of the Right Orbit Figure 7.9
90 Bones of the Nasal Cavity Figure 7.10
91 Floor of the Cranial Vault Figure 7.12
92 Inferior View of the Skull Figure 7.13
93 Vertebral Column Figure 7.14
94 Vertebra Figure 7.16a, b
95 Herniated Disk Figure 7.17a
96 Vertebrae Figure 7.20a-c
97 Vertebrae Figure 7.20d, e
98 Vertebrae Figure 7.20f
99 Thoracic Cage Figure 7.21a
100 Right Humerus Figure 7.24
101 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand, Posterior View Figure 7.27
102 The Complete Pelvic Girdle, Anterior View Figure 7.28
103 Coxa Figure 7.29b, c
104 Comparison Between Male and Female Pelvis Figure 7.31b, c
105 Right Femur Figure 7.32
106 Bones of the Right Ankle and Foot Figure 7.36
107 Fetal Skull Showing Fontanels Figure 8.1
108 Right Radioulnar Syndesmosis (Interosseous Membrane) Figure 8.2
109 Synchondroses Figure 8.3a, b
110 Symphysis Pubis Figure 8.4
111 Structure of a Synovial Joint Figure 8.5
112 Membrane-Bound Receptors Directly Affecting Membrane Permeability Figure 9.3
113 Membrane Receptors That Increase Cyclic GMP Synthesis Figure 9.4
114 Membrane-Bound Receptors and G Proteins Figure 9.5
115 Receptors That Phosphorylate Proteins Figure 9.9
116 Actions of Intracellular Receptors Figure 9.10
117 Concentration of Na+ Ions, K+ Ions, Clñ Ions, and Negatively charged Proteins Across the Plasma Membrane Figure 9.1
118 Potassium Ions and the Resting Membrane Potential Figure 9.14
119 Stimuli and Membrane Permeability Figure 9.16
120 The Action Potential and Permeability Changes During the Action Potential Figure 9.18, 9.20
121 Permeability Changes and Voltage-Gated Ion Channels During the Action Potential Figure 9.19
122 The Refractory Period Figure 9.21
123 Action Potential Propagation Figure 9.22
124 Synapses Figure 9.23
125 Relationship Between Muscle Fiber, Fasciculi, and Associated Connective Tissues Figure 10.2
126 Muscle Structure Figure 10.3
127 Structure of Actin and Myosin Figure 10.6
128 Transverse Tubules and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Figure 10.7
129 Sarcomere Shortening, Sliding Filament Model Figure 10.8
130 Innervation and Blood Supply of a Muscle Figure 10.9
131 Neuromuscular Junction Figure 10.10
132 Function of the Neuromuscular Junction Figure 10.11
133 Action Potentials and Muscle Contraction Figure 10.12
134 Breakdown of ATP and Cross Bridge Movement Figure 10.13
135 The Motor Unit Figure 10.15
136 Muscle Length and Tension Figure 10.19
137 Calcium Ions in Smooth Muscle Figure 10.22
138 General Overview of the Body Musculature (Anterior View) Figure 11.3a
139 General Overview of the Body Musculature (Posterior View) Figure 11.3b
140 Muscles of Facial Expression (Lateral View) Figure 11.6a
141 Muscles of Facial Expression (Anterior View) Figure 11.6b
142 Muscles Moving the Eyeball (Superior View) Figure 11.12a
143 Deep Back Muscles Figure 11.13
144 Muscles of Respiration Figure 11.14a, b
145 Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal Wall Figure 11.15
146 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum, seen from an Inferior View Figure 11.18
147 Muscles Attaching the Upper Limb to the Body Figure 11.20
148 Muscles of the Arm Figure 11.22a, b
149 Muscles of the Forearm Figure 11.23a, b
150 Muscles of the Forearm Figure 11.23c, d
151 Muscles of the Posterior Hip Figure 11.26
152 Muscles of the Anterior Thigh Figure 11.27a, c
153 Posterior Muscles of the Right Thigh Figure 11.28
154 The Nervous System Figure 12.1
155 Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System Figure 12.3
156 Neuron Figure 12.4
157 Oligodendrocyte, Neurolemmocyte Figure 12.9, 12.10
158 Comparison of Myelinated and Unmyelinated Axons Figure 12.12
159 Saltatory Conduction Figure 12.13
160 Nerve Figure 12.14
161 Presynaptic Inhibition at an Axo-Axonic Synapse Figure 12.17
162 Summation Figure 12.18
163 Reflex Arc Figure 12.19
164 Convergent Pathways Figure 12.20b
165 Divergent Pathways Figure 12.21b
166 Changes That Occur in an Injured Nerve Fiber Figure 12A
167 Formation of the Neural Tube (Delete Textóshow only line art) Figure 13.2
168 Development of the Brain Segments and Ventricles Figure 13.3
169 Brainstem (Anterior View) Figure 13.5a
170 Brainstem (Posterolateral View) Figure 13.5b
171 Diencephalon Figure 13.7a
172 Diencephalon (Thalamus) Figure 13.7b
173 Diencephalon (Hypothalamus) Figure 13.7c
174 Tracings from EEGs Figure 13.13b
175 Basal Ganglia of the Left Hemisphere Figure 13.14a
176 Limbic System of the Right Hemisphere as Seen in a Midsagittal Section Figure 13.15
177 Cross Section of the Spinal Cord Figure 13.19
178 Cross Section of the Spinal Cord Depicting the Pathways Figure 13.21
179 Spinothalamic System (Lateral Spinothalamic Tract) Figure 13.22a
180 Spinothalamic System (Anterior Spinothalamic Tract) Figure 13.22b
181 Dorsal ColumnóMedial Lemniscal System Figure 13.23
182 Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract Figure 13.25
183 Descending Pathways Figure 13.26
184 Direct Pathways Figure 13.27
185 Indirect Pathways Figure 13.28
186 Meninges (Brain) Figure 13.29a
187 Meninges (Spinal Cord) Figure 13.29b
188 Ventricles of the Brain Viewed from the Left Figure 13.30
189 Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation Figure 13.31
190 Inferior Surface of the Brain Showing the Origin of the Cranial Nerves Figure 14.1
191 Olfactory Recess and Bulb Figure 15.3
192 Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Bulb Figure 15.4
193 Sagittal Section Through the Eye Showing its Accessory Structures Figure 15.9
194 Sagittal Section of the Eye Demonstrating its Layers Figure 15.13
195 Lens, Cornea, Iris, and Ciliary Body Figure 15.14
196 Retina Figure 15.18
197 Sensory Receptor Cells of the Retina Figure 15.19
198 Visual Pathways Figure 15.22a-c
199 External, Middle, and Inner Ear Figure 15.23
200 Structure of the Cochlea Figure 15.26
201 Central Nervous System Pathways for Hearing Figure 15.32
202 Structure of the Macula Figure 15.33
203 Function of the Vestibule in Maintaining Balance Figure 15.34
204 Semicircular Canals Figure 15.35
205 Central Nervous System Pathways for Balance Figure 15.37
206 Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System Neurons Figure 16.1
207 Sympathetic Nervous System Figure 16.2
208 Routes Taken by Sympathetic Axons Figure 16.3a, b
209 Routes Taken by Sympathetic Axons Figure 16.3c, d
210 Parasympathetic Nervous System Figure 16.4
211 Location of ANS Receptors (Use Only the Illustration, Delete Text Material on the Left Side of the Figure) Figure 16.5
212 Autonomic Reflexes Figure 16.6
213 Innervation of Organs by the ANS Figure 16.8
214 Location of Major Endocrine Glands Figure 17.1
215 Sympathetic Nervous System Stimulates the Adrenal Gland Figure 17.5
216 Hormones Can Stimulate or Inhibit the Secretion of Other Hormones Figure 17.6
217 Positive and Negative Feedback Figure 17.7
218 Patterns of Hormone Secretion Figure 17.8
219 Hormone Concentration at the Target Cell Figure 17.9
220 Effect of Changes in Plasma Protein Concentration on the Concentration of Free Hormone Figure 17.10
221 Response of Target Cells to Hormones Figure 17.11
222 Down Regulation and Up Regulation Figure 17.12
223 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Figure 18.1
224 Subdivisions of the Pituitary Gland Figure 18.2
225 The Hypothalamohypophyseal Portal System and the Hypothalamohypophyseal Tract Figure 18.3
226 General Relationship Between the Hypothalamus, the Pituitary, and Target Tissues Figure 18.4
227 Control of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Secretion Figure 18.5
228 Control of Growth Hormone (GH) Secretion Figure 18.6
229 Biosynthesis of Thyroid Hormones Figure 18.8
230 Regulation of Thyroid Hormone (T3 and T4) Secretion Figure 18.9
231 Regulation of Adrenal Medullary Secretions Figure 18.13
232 Regulation of Cortisol Secretion Figure 18.14
233 Regulation of Blood Nutrient Levels after a Meal Figure 18.17
234 Regulation of Pineal Secretion Figure 18.19
235 Composition of Blood Figure 19.1
236 Hematopoiesis Figure 19.2
237 Hemoglobin Figure 19.4
238 Erythrocyte Production Figure 19.5
239 Hemoglobin Breakdown (Use Only the Illustration, Delete Text Material on the Left Side of the Figure) Figure 19.6
240 Platelet Plug Formation Figure 19.9
241 ABO Blood Groups Figure 19.12
242 Agglutination Reaction Figure 19.13
243 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) (Use Only the Parts of the Illustration, Delete Associated Text Material.) Figure 19.14
244 The Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation Figure 20.1
245 Location of the Heart in the Thorax Figure 20.2a
246 Cross Section of the Thorax Figure 20.2b
247 Surface Markings of the Heart in the Male Figure 20.2c
248 Chambers of the Heart Figure 20.3
249 The Pericardium Figure 20.4
250 The Heart Wall Figure 20.5
251 Surface of the Heart (Anterior) Figure 20.6a
252 Surface of the Heart (Posterior) Figure 20.6c
253 Arteries Supplying the Heart and Veins Draining the Heart Figure 20.7
254 Internal Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20.8
255 Skeleton of the Heart Figure 20.10
256 Histology of the Heart Figure 20.11a
257 Conducting System of the Heart Figure 20.12
258 The Cardiac Cycle Figure 20.16
259 Regulation of the Heart Figure 20.20
260 Capillary Network Figure 21.2
261 Histology of a Blood Vessel Figure 21.3
262 Structural Comparison of Blood Vessel Types Figure 21.4
263 The Major Arteries Figure 21.6
264 Arteries of the Head and Neck Figure 21.7
265 Inferior View of the Brain Showing Arteries Figure 21.8
266 Arteries of the Upper Limb Figure 21.10
267 Branches of the Aorta Figure 21.12a
268 Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limb Figure 21.14
269 The Major Veins Figure 21.16
270 Venous Sinuses Associated with the Brain Figure 21.17
271 Veins of the Head and Neck Figure 21.18
272 Hepatic Portal System Figure 21.24
273 Movement of Fluid Between Blood Capillary to Lymphatic Capillaries Figure 21.30
274 Total Pressure Differences Between the Inside and Outside of the Capillary Figure 21.36
275 Blood Vessel Innervation by Sympathetic Nerve Fibers Figure 21.38
276 Baroreceptor Reflex Control of Blood Pressure Figure 21.39
277 Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure: The Adrenal Medullary Mechanism Figure 21.40
278 Chemoreceptor Reflex Control of Blood Pressure Figure 21.41
279 Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure: The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism Figure 21.44
280 Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure: The Vasopressin (ADH) Mechanism Figure 21.45
281 Lymphatic System Figure 22.1
282 Lymph Node Figure 22.4a
283 Spleen Figure 22.5a, b
284 Thymus Gland Figure 22.6a, b
285 Complement Cascade Figure 22.7
286 Origin and Processing of B and T Cells Figure 22.9
287 The T Cell Receptor Figure 22.11
288 Antigen Processing (Delete Text Surrounding the Illustration.) Figure 22.12a
289 Antigen Processing (Delete Text Surrounding the Illustration.) Figure 22.12b
290 Costimulation Figure 22.13
291 Proliferation of Helper T Cells (Delete Text to The Right of the Illustration.) Figure 22.14
292 Proliferation of B Cells (Delete Text to the Side of the Illustration) Figure 22.15
293 Structure of an Antibody Figure 22.16
294 Actions of Antibodies Figure 22.17
295 Antibody Production Figure 22.18
296 Stimulation and Effects of T Cells Figure 22.19
297 The Major Interactions and Responses of Innate and Adaptive Immunity to an Antigen Figure 22.20
298 The Respiratory System Figure 23.1
299 Nasal Cavity and Pharynx Figure 23.2a
300 Anatomy of the Larynx Figure 23.3a, b
301 Vocal Cords Figure 23.4
302 Trachea Figure 23.5a, icon
303 Tracheobronchial Tree Figure 23.6a
304 Bronchioles and Alveoli Figure 23.7a, icon
305 Lobes and Bronchopulmonary Segments of the Lungs Figure 23.8
306 Effect of the Muscles of Respiration on Thoracic Volume Figure 23.9a, b
307 Pleural Cavities and Membranes Figure 23.10
308 Alveolar Pressure Changes During Inspiration and Expiration Figure 23.11a, b
309 Alveolar Pressure Changes During Inspiration and Expiration Figure 23.11c, d
310 Dynamics of a Normal Breathing Cycle Figure 23.12
311 Spirometer, Lung Volumes, and Lung Capacities Figure 23.13b
312 Alveolus and the Respiratory Membrane Figure 23.14b
313 Changes in the Partial Pressures of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Figure 23.15
314 Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve at Rest Figure 23.16
315 Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve During Exercise Figure 23.17
316 Effects of Shifting the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve Figure 23.18
317 Carbon Dioxide Transport and Chloride Movement (Delete Text to the Right of the Illustrations.) Figure 23.19
318 Respiratory Structures in the Brainstem Figure 23.20
319 Modifying Respiration Figure 23.21
320 Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood pH and Gases Figure 23.22
321 Digestive System Depicted in Place in the Body Figure 24.1
322 Digestive Tract Histology Figure 24.2
323 Molar Tooth in Place in the Alveolar Bone Figure 24.6
324 Salivary Glands Figure 24.7
325 Anatomy and Histology of the Stomach Figure 24.8
326 Anatomy and Histology of the Duodenum and Pancreas Figure 24.10
327 Anatomy and Histology of the Duodenum Figure 24.11
328 Anatomy and Histology of the Liver Figure 24.12
329 Duct System of the Major Abdominal Digestive Glands Figure 24.13
330 Large Intestine and Anal Canal Figure 24.14
331 Histology of the Large Intestine Figure 24.15
332 Peritoneum and Mesenteries Figure 24.16
333 Three Phases of Swallowing (Deglutition) Figure 24.17
334 Three Phases of Gastric Secretion (Cephalic Stage) Figure 24.19a
335 Three Phases of Gastric Secretion (Gastric Phase) Figure 24.19b
336 Three Phases of Gastric Secretion (Intestinal Phase) Figure 24.19c
337 Control of Bile Secretion Figure 24.21
338 Control of Pancreatic Secretion Figure 24.23
339 Reflexes in the Colon and Rectum Figure 24.24
340 Glucose and Galactose Absorption Figure 24.25
341 Lipid Absorption Figure 24.26
342 Mechanisms of Amino Acid Absorption Figure 24.30
343 ATP Coupling of Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions Figure 25.2
344 Cellular Metabolism Figure 25.3
345 Electron Transport Chain Figure 25.7
346 Lipid Metabolism Figure 25.8
347 Amino Acid Metabolism Figure 25.9
348 Interconversion of Nutrient Molecules Figure 25.12
349 Events of the Absorptive State Figure 25.13
350 Events of the Postabsorptive State Figure 25.14
351 Homeostasis: Temperature Regulation Figure 25.16
352 Anatomy of the Urinary System Figure 26.1
353 Longitudinal Section of the Kidney and Ureter Figure 26.2a
354 Functional Unit of the KidneyóThe Nephron Figure 26.3
355 Renal Corpuscle Figure 26.4
356 Histology of the Nephron Figure 26.5
357 Blood Flow Through the Kidney Figure 26.6
358 Ureters and Urinary Bladder Figure 26.7
359 Urine Formation Figure 26.8
360 Cotransport Across the Wall of the Nephron Tubule Figure 26.10
361 The Effect of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) on the Nephron Figure 26.11
362 Maintenance of Medullary Interstitial Concentration Figure 26.12
363 Urine Concentrating Mechanism Figure 26.13
364 Effect of Aldosterone on the Distal Convoluted Tubule Figure 26.14
365 Control of the Micturition Reflex Figure 26.17
366 Intracellular and Extracellular Distribution of Water and Solutes Figure 27.1
367 Regulation of Sodium Ion Levels in Extracellular Fluids Figure 27.2
368 Carbon Dioxide, Carbonic Acid, and Bicarbonate and Hydrogen Ions Figure 27.7
369 Kidney Regulation of Body Fluid pH Figure 27.8
370 Male Pelvis Figure 28.1a
371 Histology of the Testis Figure 28.2a-d
372 Descent of the Testis Figure 28.3
373 Spermatogenesis Figure 28.4
374 Frontal View of the Testis, Epididymis, Ductus Deferens, and Glands of the Male Reproductive System Figure 28.5
375 Regulation of Reproductive Hormone Secretion in Males Figure 28.7
376 Sagittal Section of the Female Pelvis Figure 28.8
377 Uterus, Vagina, Uterine Tubes, Ovaries, and Supporting Ligaments Figure 28.9
378 Histology of the Ovary Figure 28.10
379 Maturation of the Follicle and Oocyte Figure 28.11
380 Maturation and Fertilization of the Oocyte Figure 28.12
381 Inferior View of the Female Perineum Figure 28.14
382 The Menstrual Cycle Figure 28.16a
383 Regulation of Hormone Secretion During the Menstrual Cycle Figure 28.16b
384 Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy Figure 28.18
385 Mature Placenta and Fetus Figure 29.4
386 Embryonic Disk Figure 29.5
387 Primitive Streak Figure 29.6
388 Formation of the Neural Tube Figure 29.7
389 Formation of the Digestive Tract Figure 29.8
390 Development of the Heart Figure 29.11
391 Development of the Lung Figure 29.12
392 Development of the Kidney and Urinary Bladder Figure 29.13
393 Development of the Reproductive System Figure 29.14
394 Process of Parturition Figure 29.17
395 Factors That Influence the Process of Parturition Figure 29.18
396 Circulatory Changes at Birth Figure 29.19
397 Hormonal Control of Lactation Figure 29.20
398 Examples of Inheritance Patterns Figure 29.23
399 Pedigree of a Simple Dominant Trait Figure 29.27
400 The Human Genomic Map Figure 29B
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