Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology   3/e   Seeley/Stephens/Tate
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Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life


Chapter Outline

Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life

  1. Basic Chemistry

    1. Matter, Mass, and Weight
    2. Elements and Atoms (Fig. 2.1, p. 21, Table 2.1, p. 21)
    3. Atomic Structure (Fig. 2.2, p. 22)

      1. Nucleus HSST/4:See "Radioactive Isotopes and X-rays," p. 33

        1. Protons (+)
        2. Neutrons (neutral)

      2. Atomic number
      3. Orbitals

        1. Electrons (-)

    4. Electrons and Chemical Bonding

      1. Ionic bonding (Fig. 2.3, p. 22, Table 2.2, p. 23) TA 8
      2. Covalent bonding (Fig. 2.4, p. 23, and Fig. 2.5, p. 24) TAs 9-10

        1. Single
        2. Double
        3. Polar

    5. Hydrogen Bonds (Fig. 2.6, p. 24) TA 11
    6. Molecules and Compounds
    7. Dissociation (Fig. 2.7, p. 25) TA 12

  2. Chemical Reactions

    1. Classification of Chemical Reactions

      1. Synthesis reactions
      2. Decomposition reactions
      3. Exchange reactions

    2. Energy and Chemical Reactions (Fig. 2.8, p. 28) TA 13
    3. Rate of Chemical Reactions

      1. Reactants
      2. Concentration
      3. Temperature
      4. Catalysts enzymes

  3. Acids and Bases

    1. The pH Scale (Fig. 2.9, p. 29)

      1. Neutral solution
      2. Acidic solution
      3. Alkaline, or Basic solution

    2. Salts
    3. Buffers (Fig. 2.10, p. 30)

  4. Inorganic Chemistry

    1. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
    2. Water

      1. Properties

        1. Stabilizes body temperatureóabsorbs heat
        2. Protectionólubricant
        3. Chemical reactions
        4. Transportódissolve in water

  5. Organic Chemistry (Table 2.3, p. 31)

    1. Carbohydrates (Fig. 2.11, p. 32)

      1. Monosaccharides
      2. Disaccharides
      3. Polysaccharides

    2. Lipids (Fig. 2.12, p. 33)

      1. Fats (Triacylglycerols)

        1. Saturated (Fig. 2.13, p. 33)
        2. Unsaturated

      2. Phospholipids
      3. Steroids

    3. Proteins (Fig. 2.14, p. 35) TA 14

      1. Amino acids
      2. Denaturation

    4. Enzymes

      1. Activation energy (Fig. 2.15, p. 36) TA 15
      2. Lock and key model (Fig. 2.16, p. 36) TA 16

    5. Nucleic acids

      1. DNA (Fig. 2.17, p. 37)TA 17
      2. RNA

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