After reading this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Describe the structure of the cell membrane.

2. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus and nucleoli.

3. Compare the structure and function of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

4. Describe the roles of the Golgi apparatuses and secretory vesicles in secretion.

5. Explain the role of lysosomes in digesting material taken into cells by phagocytosis.

6. Describe the structure and function of mitochondria.

7. Compare the structure and function of cilia, flagella, and microvilli.

8. List four ways by which substances cross the cell membrane.

9. Explain the role of osmosis and that of osmotic pressure in controlling the movement of water across the cell membrane. Compare hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions.

10. Define "mediated transport," and compare the processes of facilitated diffusion, active transport, and secondary active transport.

11. Describe endocytosis and exocytosis.

12. Describe the process of protein synthesis.

13. Explain what is accomplished during mitosis and meiosis.

14. Define "differentiation," and explain how it occurs.