Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology   3/e   Seeley/Stephens/Tate
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Chapter 7: The Muscular System


Chapter Outline

Chapter 7: The Muscular System

  1. Functions of the Muscular System

    1. Body movement
    2. Maintenance of posture
    3. Respiration
    4. Production of body heat
    5. Communication
    6. Constriction of organs and vessels
    7. Heart beat

  2. Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle (Fig. 7.1, p. 152)

    1. Contractility
    2. Excitability
    3. Extensibility
    4. Elasticity

  3. Muscle Structure (Fig. 7.2, 7.3, p. 153-154) TA 75

    1. Muscle
    2. Muscle fasciculi
    3. Muscle fibers (cells)
    4. Myofibrils
    5. Sarcomeres (Fig. 7.2D, p. 153)
    6. Actin and myosin myofilaments

  4. Membrane Potentials

    1. Resting membrane potential (Fig. 7.4, p. 155) TAs 76, 77
    2. Depolarization
    3. Repolarization
    4. Action potential (Fig. 7.4, p. 155) TAs 76, 77

  5. Nerve Supply (Fig. 7.5, p. 157) TA 78

    1. Neuromuscular junctions (synapses)
    2. Neurotransmitteróacetylcholine
    3. Acetylcholinesterase

  6. Muscle Contraction (Fig. 7.6, p. 158, Table 7.1, p. 159) TA 79

    1. Sliding filament mechanism (Fig. 7.7, p. 160) TA 80

      1. Calcium ions
      2. Role of ATP
      3. Cross bridge formation
      4. Relaxation

    2. Muscle twitch, tetanus, and recruitment (Fig. 7.8, 7.9 p. 161)
    3. Energy requirements for muscle contraction (Fig. 7.10, p. 162)

      1. Creatine phosphate
      2. Anaerobic respiration

        1. ATP
        2. Lactic acid

      3. Aerobic respiration

        1. ATP
        2. CO2and H2O

      4. Muscle fatigue and physiological contracture

    4. Types of muscle contractionHSST/4: See Table 10.3 "Types of Muscle Contraction," p. 287

      1. Isotonic contractions
      2. Isometric contractions
      3. Concentric contractions
      4. Eccentric contractions

    5. Muscle tone
    6. Muscle fiber types

      1. Fast-twitch fibers
      2. Slow-twitch fibers

  7. Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle

    1. Characteristics (Table 7.2, p. 164)

  8. Skeletal Muscle Anatomy (Fig. 7.12, p. 166-167) TAs 81, 82

    1. General Principles and Terminology (Fig. 7.11, p. 165)

      1. Origin and insertionHSST/4: See Muscle Shape, p. 305
      2. Synergists and antagonistsHSST/4: See Tables 11-4 to 11-32 for
      3. Prime movers and fixators additional muscles

    2. Nomenclature

      1. Superficial muscles (Fig. 7.12, 7.13, p. 167-168) TAs 81, 82

    3. Head muscles

      1. Muscles of facial expression (Fig. 7.14, Table 7.3, p. 169-170) TA 83
      2. Muscles of mastication (Fig. 7.14, Table 7.4, p. 169-170)
      3. Tongue and swallowing muscles (Fig. 7.15, Table 7.5, p. 171)

    4. Neck muscles (Fig. 7.12, 7.14, 7.16, 7.20, Table 7.6, p. 172)
    5. Trunk muscles

      1. Muscles moving the vertebral column (Fig. 7.16, Table 7.7, p. 173)
      2. Thoracic muscles (Fig. 7.17, Table 7.8, p. 174)
      3. Abdominal wall muscles(Fig. 7.18, Table 7.9, p. 175) TA 84
      4. Pelvic floor and perineal muscles (Fig. 7.19, Table 7.10, p. 176)

    6. Upper limb muscles (Fig. 7.23, p. 182)

      1. Scapular movements (Fig. 7.20, Table 7.11, p. 176-77) TA 85
      2. Arm muscles and movements (Fig. 7.20, 7.21, Table 7.12, 7.13, p. 177-179)
      3. Forearm muscles (Fig. 7.22, Table 7.14, p. 180-181)
      4. Wrist and finger movements HSST/4: See Tables 11-16 and 11-17, p. 338-340

    7. Lower limb muscles (Fig. 7.26, p. 186)

      1. Thigh movements (Fig. 7.24, Table 7.15, p. 182-83) TA 87
      2. Leg movements (Fig. 7.24, 7.25, Table 7.16, p. 183-185) TA 87
      3. Ankle and toe movements (Fig. 7.25, Table 7.17, p. 184-185)

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