Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology   3/e   Seeley/Stephens/Tate
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Chapter 9: The Senses


Chapter Outline

Chapter 9: Senses

  1. General Senses

    1. Receptors

      1. Types (according to stimulus)

        1. Mechanoreceptors
        2. Chemoreceptors
        3. Photoreceptors
        4. Thermoreceptors
        5. Nociceptors

      2. Types associated with the skin (Fig. 9.1, p. 233)

        1. Free nerve endings

          1. Pain
          2. Cold and warm receptors
          3. Itch
          4. Movement

        2. Merkel's disks (light touch and superficial pressure)
        3. Hair follicle receptors (light touch)
        4. Meissner's corpuscles (fine, discriminative touch)
        5. Ruffini's end organs (continuous pressure)
        6. Pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure, vibration, proprioception)

    2. Pain

      1. Types sharp and diffuse
      2. Local and general anesthesia
      3. Gate control theory
      4. Referred pain (Fig. 9.2, p. 234)
      5. Phantom pain

  2. Special Senses

    1. Olfaction

      1. Anatomy (Fig. 9.3, p. 236)
      2. Function
    2. Taste

      1. Taste buds (Fig. 9.4, p. 237)
      2. Taste sensations

  3. Vision

    1. Accessory structures (Fig. 9.5, p. 237)

      1. EyebrowsHSST/4: See Fig. 15.9, p. 467
      2. Eyelids
      3. Conjunctiva
      4. Lacrimal apparatus
      5. Extrinsic eye muscles (Fig. 9.6, p. 238)

    2. Anatomy of the eye (Fig. 9.7, p. 239)TA 115

      1. Fibrous tunic

        1. Sclera
        2. Cornea

      2. Vascular tunicHSST/4: See Fig. 15.14, p. 470

        1. Choroid
        2. Ciliary body
        3. Iris and pupil

      3. Nervous tunic (Fig. 9.8, p. 240) TAs 116, 117

        1. Pigmented retina
        2. Sensory retina

          1. Rods rhodopsin (Fig. 9.9, p. 241)TA 118
          2. ConesHSST/4: See Fig. 15.21, p. 497
          3. Macula lutea and fovea centralis (Fig. 9.10, p. 241)

      4. Compartments of the eye

          1. Anterior chamber
          2. Posterior chamber

            1. Posterior compartment vitreous humor

      5. Functions of the complete eye

        1. Light refraction
        2. Focusing images accommodation (Fig. 9.11, p. 242)

      6. Neuronal pathways (Fig. 9.12, p.244)TA 119

  4. Hearing and Balance

    1. Auditory structures and their functions (Fig. 9.13, p. 247)TA 120

      1. External ear

        1. External auditory meatus
        2. Tympanic membrane

      2. Middle ear

        1. Oval and round window
        2. Auditory (eustachian) tube
        3. Auditory ossicles malleus, incus, and stapes

      3. Inner ear (Fig. 9.14, p. 248)TA 121

        1. Bony labyrinth perilymph
        2. Membranous labyrinth endolymph
        3. Cochlea anatomy (Fig. 9.15, p. 249)TA 122
        4. Steps involved in hearing (Table 9.1, p. 249)

    2. Equilibrium

      1. Static equilibrium

        1. VestibuleHSST/4: See Fig. 15-32, p. 509

          1. Utricle
          2. Saccule
          3. Maculae (Fig. 9.16, p. 250) TA 123

    3. Kinetic equilibrium

      1. Semicircular canals
      2. Crista ampullaris and cupula (Fig. 9.17, p. 252)TA 124

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