Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology   3/e   Seeley/Stephens/Tate
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Chapter 15: The Respiratory System


Chapter Outline

Chapter 15: The Respiratory System

  1. Functions of the Respiratory System

    1. Gas exchange
    2. Regulation of blood pH
    3. Voice production
    4. Olfaction
    5. Innate immunity

  2. Anatomy of the Respiratory System (Fig. 15.1, p. 394)

    1. Nose and nasal cavity (Fig. 15.2, p. 395)TA 188

      1. External and internal nares
      2. Hard palate
      3. Conchae
      4. Paranasal sinuses

    2. Pharynx (Fig. 15.2, p. 395)TA 188
    3. Larynx (Fig. 15.3, p. 396)TA 189

      1. Thyroid cartilage
      2. Vocal cords (Fig. 15.4, p. 397)
      3. Epiglottis

    4. Trachea and bronchi (Fig. 15.5, p. 398-99) TA 191, 192
    5. Lungs

      1. Lobes and lobules (Fig. 15.6, p. 400)TA 192
      2. Bronchioles
      3. Alveoli

    6. Pleural cavities (Fig. 1.12, 1.13, p. 15)
    7. Lymphatic supply

  3. Ventilation and Lung Volumes

    1. Changing thoracic volume (Fig. 15.7, p. 402)TA 193

      1. Intercostal muscles
      2. Diaphragm

    2. Pressure changes and air flow

      1. Alveolar pressure (Fig. 15.8, p. 403)TA 194
      2. Atmospheric pressure

    3. Lung recoil

      1. Surfactant
      2. Pleural pressure

    4. Changing alveolar volume

  4. Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities (Fig. 15.9, p. 405)

    1. Tidal volume
    2. Inspiratory reserve volume
    3. Expiratory reserve volume
    4. Residual volume
    5. Vital capacity
    6. Inspiratory capacity
    7. Functional residual capacity
    8. Total lung capacity

  5. Gas Exchange

    1. Respiratory membrane (Fig. 15.10, p. 407)TA 195

      1. Thickness
      2. Surface area

    2. Partial pressure (Table 15.1, p. 408)
    3. Diffusion of gases in lung
    4. Diffusion of gases in tissue

  6. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport (Fig. 15.11, p. 409)TA 196

    1. Oxygen transport HSST/4: See Fig. 23.16, 23.17, 23.18, p. 758-760

      1. Hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin
      2. Dissolved in plasma

    2. Carbon dioxide transport and blood pH (Fig. 15.12, p. 411)TA 197

      1. Bicarbonate ions
      2. Blood proteins
      3. Dissolved in plasma

  7. Rhythmic Ventilation

    1. Respiratory areas in the brainstem (Fig. 15.13, p. 413)TA 198
    2. Chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata
    3. Chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies

  8. Generation of Rhythmic Ventilation

    1. Starting inspiration
    2. Increasing inspiration
    3. Stopping inspiration

  9. Modification of Ventilation

    1. Nervous control of ventilation (Fig. 15.14, p. 414)TA 199
    2. Chemical control of ventilation (Fig. 15.15, p. 415)
    3. Effect of exercise on ventilation
    4. Respiratory adaptations to exercise

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