Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology   3/e   Seeley/Stephens/Tate
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Chapter 16: The Digestive System


Chapter Outline

Chapter 16: The Digestive System

  1. Functions of the Digestive System (Fig. 16.1, p. 425)

    1. Take in food HSST/4: See Table 24.1, p. 780 "Functions of the Digestive Organs"
    2. Break down the food
    3. Absorb digested molecules
    4. Provide nutrients
    5. Eliminate wastes

  2. Anatomy and Histology of the Digestive System (Fig. 16.2, p. 426)TA 200

    1. Mucosa layer
    2. Submucosa layer
    3. Muscularis layer
    4. Serosa (adventitia) layer

  3. Oral Cavity (Fig. 16.3, p. 427)

    1. Teeth (Fig. 16.4, p. 428)TA 201

      1. Incisors
      2. Canines
      3. Premolars
      4. Molars

    2. Palate and tonsils

      1. Hard palate
      2. Soft palate and uvula

    3. Salivary glands (Fig. 16.5, p. 429)

      1. Parotid glands
      2. Submandibular glands
      3. Sublingual glands

    4. Pharynx and esophagus

      1. Pharynx
      2. Pharyngeal constrictors
      3. Esophageal sphincter

    5. Stomach (Fig. 16.6, p. 430) TA 202

      1. Fundus
      2. Body
      3. Pylorus
      4. Gastric glands

        1. Mucous neck cells mucus
        2. Chief cells pepsin
        3. Parietal cells hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
        4. Endocrine cells hormones

      5. Chyme

    6. Small intestine (Fig. 16.7, p. 431)

      1. Duodenum (Fig. 16.8, p. 432) TA 203

        1. Absorptive cells
        2. Goblet cells
        3. Granular cells
        4. Endocrine cells
        5. Circular folds

      2. Jejunum
      3. Ileum
      4. Circular folds, villi, and microvilli
      5. Ileocecal sphincter and ileocecal valve

    7. Liver and gallbladder (Fig. 16.9, p. 433)

      1. Sources of blood

        1. Hepatic artery
        2. Hepatic portal vein

      2. Bile production
      3. Liver histology (Fig. 16.11, p. 434)TA 205
      4. Ducts (Fig. 16.10, p. 433)TA 204

        1. Common hepatic duct
        2. Cystic duct
        3. Common bile duct

    8. Pancreas (Fig. 16.12, p. 435)TA 206

      1. Pancreatic islets endocrine
      2. Exocrine portion acini

    9. Large intestine (Fig. 16.13, p. 435)TA 207

      1. Cecum
      2. Colon

        1. Ascending
        2. Transverse
        3. Descending
        4. Sigmoid

      3. Rectum
      4. Anal canal
        1. Internal anal sphincter
        2. External anal sphincter

    10. Peritoneum (Fig. 16.14, p. 436)TA 208

      1. Visceral peritoneum
      2. Parietal peritoneum
      3. Mesenteries
      4. Retroperitoneal organs

  4. Movements and Secretions in the Digestive System (Table 16.1, p. 437)

    1. Oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus

      1. Mastication
      2. Saliva salivary amylase
      3. Mucin
      4. Deglutition (Swallowing) (Fig. 16.15, p. 439)TA 209

        1. Voluntary phase
        2. Pharyngeal phase
        3. Esophageal phase

    2. Stomach

      1. Secretions

        1. Mucous neck cells mucus
        2. Chief cells pepsin
        3. Parietal cells hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
        4. Endocrine cells gastrin

      2. Regulation (Fig. 16.16, p. 440-41) TA 210, 211

        1. Cephalic phase
        2. Gastric phase
        3. Intestinal phase

      3. Movement (Fig. 16.17, p. 442)TA 212

        1. Mixing waves
        2. Peristaltic waves

    3. Small intestine

      1. Secretions regulation (Fig. 16.19, 16.20, p. 445-46)
      2. Mucus, electrolytes, and water secreted
      3. Enzymes
      4. Movement (Fig. 16.18, p. 443)TA 213

        1. Segmental contractions
        2. Peristaltic contractions

      5. Absorption

    4. Liver (Table 16.2, p. 444)

      1. Functions

        1. Bile secretion (Fig. 16.19, p. 445)TA 214
        2. Excretion
        3. Storage
        4. Nutrient conversion
        5. Detoxification
        6. Production of blood proteins

      2. Regulation

    5. Pancreas

      1. Secretions (Fig. 16.20, p. 446)TA 215

        1. Enzymes
        2. Bicarbonate ions

      2. Regulation

    6. Large intestine

      1. Movements

        1. Mass movements
        2. Defecation

  5. Digestion, Absorption, and Transport (Fig. 16.21, 16.22, p. 447-48)

    1. Carbohydrates

      1. Enzymes

        1. Amylase
        2. Disaccharidases

      2. Absorption monosaccharides (Fig. 16.23, p. 449)

    2. Lipids triacylglycerol

      1. Digestion

        1. Emulsification
        2. Lipase

      2. Absorption (Fig. 16.23, p. 449)

        1. Micelles
        2. Chylomicrons
        3. Cholesterol
        4. LDLs and HDLs (Fig. 16.24, p. 450)

    3. Proteins

      1. Digestion

        1. Pepsin
        2. Trypsin
        3. Peptidase

      2. Uptake by cells insulin (Fig. 16.23, p. 449)

    4. Water and minerals (Fig. 16.25, p. 450)

      1. Reabsorption

        1. Water
        2. Active transport of ions

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