Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology   3/e   Seeley/Stephens/Tate
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Chapter 18: Urinary System and Fluid Balance


Chapter Objectives

Chapter 18: The Urinary System and Fluid Balance

After reading this chapter, you should be able to:

  1. List the structures that make up the urinary system and describe the overall functions it performs.

  2. Describe the location and anatomy of the kidneys.

  3. Describe the structure of the nephron and the location of the parts of the nephron in the kidney.

  4. List the components of the filtration barrier and describe the composition of the filtrate.

  5. Describe the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

  6. Identify the principal factors that influence filtration pressure and explain how they affect the rate of filtrate formation.

  7. Give the function of the proximal tubule, descending and ascending limbs of Henle's loop, distal tubule, and collecting duct. Discuss how the movement of substances across the walls of these structures influences the composition of the filtrate.

  8. Explain how antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic hormone influence the volume and concentration of urine.

  9. Describe the micturition reflex.

  10. Describe the mechanisms by which sodium ions, potassium ions, and calcium ions are regulated in the extracellular fluid.

  11. Illustrate how the mechanisms that regulate the body fluid pH function by explaining how they respond to decreasing and increasing pH in the body fluids.

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