Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology   3/e   Seeley/Stephens/Tate
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Chapter 18: Urinary System and Fluid Balance


Chapter Outline

Chapter 18: The Urinary System and Fluid Balance

  1. Overview (Fig. 18.1, p. 480)

  2. Functions of the Urinary System

    1. Excretion
    2. Blood volume control
    3. Ion concentration regulation
    4. pH regulation
    5. Erythrocyte concentration
    6. Vitamin D synthesis

  3. Urinary System

    1. Kidneys (Fig. 18.2, 18.3, p. 481-82) TAs 219, 220

      1. Hilum and renal sinus
      2. Cortex and medulla
      3. Renal pyramids and calyces
      4. Renal pelvis

    2. The nephron (Fig. 18.4, p. 483)TA 221

      1. Renal corpuscle (Fig. 18.5, p. 484)TA 222

        1. Glomerulus
        2. Bowman's capsule
        3. Filtration membrane

      2. Proximal convoluted tubule
      3. Loop of Henle

        1. Descending limb
        2. Ascending limb

      4. Distal convoluted tubule
      5. Glomerulus
      6. Collecting ducts

    3. Arteries and veins (Fig. 18.6, p. 485)TA 223

      1. Renal arteries
      2. Interlobar arteries
      3. Arcuate arteries
      4. Interlobular arteries
      5. Afferent arterioles
      6. Efferent arterioles
      7. Peritubular capillaries
      8. Juxtaglomerular apparatus

    4. Ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra (Fig. 18.7, p. 486)TA 224

      1. Trigone of bladder
      2. Internal urinary sphincter
      3. External urinary sphincter

  4. Urine Production (Table 18.1, p. 487)

    1. Filtration (Fig 18.8, p. 487)

      1. Filtration membrane
      2. Filtrate
      3. Filtration pressure (Fig. 18.9, p. 488)

    2. Reabsorption(Fig. 18.10, p. 489)TA 225
    3. SecretionHSST/4: See Table 26.4, p. 870

  5. Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume (Fig. 18.12, p. 492)TA 227

    1. Hormonal mechanisms

      1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (Fig. 18.11, p. 491)TA 226
      2. Aldosterone

        1. Renin and juxtaglomerular complex
        2. Angiotensin I and II

      3. Atrial natriuretic hormone

    2. Effect of sympathetic innervation on kidney function

  6. Urine Micturition Reflex (Fig. 18.13, p. 493)TA 228

  7. Body Fluid Compartments (Table 18.2, p. 495)

    1. Electrolytes
    2. Extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments
    3. Exchange between body fluid compartments

  8. Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition

    1. Thirst
    2. Ions

      1. Sodium ions (Fig. 18.14, p. 497)
      2. Potassium ions (Fig. 18.15, p. 498)
      3. Calcium ions (Fig. 18.16, p. 499)TA 229
      4. Phosphate and sulfate ions

  9. Regulation of Acid-Base Balance (Fig. 18.17, p. 501)TA 230

    1. BuffersHSST/4: See Fig. 27.9, p. 905

      1. Phosphates
      2. Proteins
      3. Bicarbonate

    2. Respiratory systemHSST/4: See Fig. 27.6, 27.7, p. 906-907
    3. KidneysHSST/4: See Fig. 27.8, p. 908
    4. AcidosisHSST/4: See Table A, p. 909

      1. Metabolic
      2. Respiratory

    5. Alkalosis

      1. Metabolic
      2. Respiratory

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