Chapter 2: Chemical Composition of the Body. Section on free radicals added in keeping with the great importance of these substances in aging and disease. New ribbon figure illustrating protein conformation.
Chapter 3: Cell Structure. Some rewriting for clarity; otherwise no significant changes.
Chapter 4: Protein Activity and Cellular Metabolism and Chapter 5: Genetic Information and Protein Synthesis. These chapters have been reorganized in the following way: The material on protein binding sites, enzymes, and metabolic pathways are now all separate sections in the same chapter (Chapter 4), with genetic information and protein synthesis (both formerly in Chapter 4) now comprising Chapter 5. This allows a more logical flow of information, each section building on the previous one(s) without the need for later information to be summarized awkwardly at an earlier point. Chapter 4 has a new section on the formation of free radicals, building on the early description of structure in Chapter 2. The material now constituting Chapter 5 has been extensively rewritten and its sections reordered for clarity and logical flow. In addition, in keeping with its current domination of physiological research and its growing clinical applications, the coverage of molecular biology in Chapter 5 has been considerably strengthened, with new or expanded discussions of the following topics: relation between primary RNA transcript and mRNA resulting from splicing; chaperones; transcription factors (new figure); telomeres; nucleosomes; DNA repair mechanisms; genetic diseases; growth factors; genetic engineering (including DNA fingerprinting, transgenic organisms, DNA cloning, and knockout organisms), and the role of p53 mutations in cancer.
Chapter 6: Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes. New figure illustrating principle of open and closed ion channels. New figure summarizing in one place the many types of transport mechanisms that can exist in the plasma membrane; this facilitates the student's ability to compare and contrast the essential features of the various transporters and ion channels. (This type of summary figure is made extensive use of throughout the book.) Aquaporins and endosomes now described, in keeping with the growing body of data on their functions.
Chapter 7: Homeostatic Mechanisms and Cellular Communication. New and important concept of Darwinian medicine described; this concept is then used several times in subsequent chapters (for example, in describing the adaptive value of fever). Several sections have been reorganized under general heading Processes Related to Homeostasis to emphasize the common denominator of their significance. A section on apoptosis programmed cell death has been added, and this relatively new but very important concept is then applied many times in subsequent chapters. The possible role of genetic mutations in premature aging is now described. The structure of a typical receptor is now illustrated in a new figure. In order not to bury the student in the exploding biochemistry of signal transduction mechanisms and second messengers, the material on these topics has been simplified and reorganized to emphasize basic principles. First, the basic difference between the receptors for lipid-soluble and lipid-insoluble messengers is now illustrated, rather than merely described, in this chapter rather than in two different chapters. The basic principles that apply to plasma-membrane receptors are then summarized in a single figure and table. Instead of then presenting all the known paths from these receptors, as was attempted previously, only cyclic AMP and calcium are given, to illustrate these principles, and details on the other specific pathways are provided for reference in a new table. New material has been added describing the rapidly expanding areas of gene transduction by plasma-membrane receptors, primary response genes, cross-talk in signal transduction pathways, and receptor superfamilies. In each case the importance of these phenomena for signal transduction is emphasized.
Chapter 8: Neural Control Mechanisms. Section D (Structure of the Nervous System) is rewritten for greater clarity. Section A (Neural Tissue) is organized into more subdivisions to aid learning. Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurons described. 54 percent of figures revised.
Chapter 9: The Sensory Systems. Chapter now divided into two sections: General Principles and Specific Sensory Systems, for greater ease of reading. Essay added: ìA receptor sensitive to light and coupled to a G-protein begins the transduction process in the eye to illustrate basic principles first described in Chapter 7. Sections on pain, hair cells of the inner ear, vertigo and motion sickness, taste and smell have been completely rewritten for updating and increased clarity. New information on devices to assist hearing. 45 percent of figures revised.
Chapter 10: Principles of Hormonal Control Systems. Nongenomic effects of steroid hormones, only recently discovered, are described. Section on control of prolactin secretion revised to reflect new information invalidating concepts that emerged a few years ago in research on rodents but now are known not to apply to human beings. The summary table of hormones has been completely updated; for example, it now includes the new hormones leptin, glucagon-like peptide, and motilin.
Chapter 11: Muscle. Isotonic and isometric twitches are now combined into a single figure for better comparison. The factors underlying the length-tension relationship in skeletal muscle now known to be multiple are updated. Section on muscle fatigue extensively rewritten in keeping with new (and confusing) research on the causes of fatigue. New material on ability of smooth muscle to maintain tension with low rate of ATP usage.
Chapter 12: Control of Body Movement. Expanded coverage of the multiple neurotransmitters now known to be involved in the descending pathways. Emerging problems with traditional hierarchical model discussed. Extensive updating of sections on: interneurons at local control level; roles of cerebral cortex, subcortical and brainstem nuclei, and cerebellum; maintenance of upright posture and balance; and walking. 64 percent of figures revised.
Chapter 13: Consciousness and Behavior. Extensive updating of sections on: neural substrates of consciousness; neural mechanisms for directed attention; emotion; altered states of consciousness, including schizophrenia and the mood disorders; psychoactive drugs, dependence and tolerance, memory, cerebral dominance and language; and the general conclusion of the chapter. 50 percent of the figures revised.
Chapter 14: Circulation. Section on hemostasis has been moved from Chapter 20 to this chapter (new Section G) so that all material on cardiovascular system is in same chapter. Section on hematopoietic growth factors with their growing importance for clinical medicine expanded. New figure illustrating action of heart valves to complement text description. The recently revised notion of the mechanism of SA node pacemaker potential and its influence by neurotransmitters presented. Material added on effect of afterload on stroke volume so this material can be used in a later explanation of emerging concepts of heart failure. Table of functions of endothelial cells expanded in keeping with new research. Section on exercise expanded and updated, including material on stroke volume changes, the importance of baroreceptor resetting (new figure), and the pathways of cardiovascular control. The meaning of VO2 and endurance (work capacity) are contrasted, an important distinction for conditioning regimens. New table summarizing drug therapy of hypertension. New material describing the important clinical distinction between diastolic dysfunction and systolic dysfunction in heart failure. New material on the emerging but potentially confusing roles of exercise and alcohol in coronary artery disease. New material and figure on the new understanding of how clotting is initiated by the external clotting pathway. Thrombomodulin, now known to be critical in the control of clotting, is described (new figure).
Chapter 15: Respiration. Section on lung mechanics particularly the concept and function of transpulmonary pressure extensively rewritten for greater clarity. New material on important topics for pathophysiology and everyday situations: mechanism of peripheral chemoreceptor function, ventilation control during exercise, and J receptor reflexes. Newly discovered carriage of nitric oxide by hemoglobin described.
Chapter 16: The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions. Entire chapter extensively rewritten for greater clarity; for example, previous figure illustrating mechanisms of sodium reabsorption in each tubular segment has been eliminated so as not to obscure with excessive detail the simple basic principle that applies to all segments. Two introductory sections added on the general principles of: (1) tubular division of labor and (2) control of channels and transporters; this facilitates learning of specific information to follow. New description of the role of the renal nerves in the control of GFR, accompanied by essay describing, for the interested reader, the actual (but complex) mechanisms by which stimulation of these nerves reduces net glomerular filtration pressure. (This use of essays to provide supplementary material beyond the scope of the basic text has been introduced in this edition.) Updated material on therapy of osteoporosis.
Chapter 17: The Digestion and Absorption of Food. New figure on control of acid secretion. New terms added: colipase, hemologic jaundice, traveler's diarrhea. New description of role of Helicobacter in production of ulcers.
Chapter 18: Regulation of Organic Metabolism, Growth, and Energy Balance. New figure on stimulation by insulin of insertion of transporters in plasma membrane, to reinforce general principles made in earlier chapters. Text on insulin's effects has been simplified for greater clarity (again, with use of a reference figure to expand the knowledge of any interested reader). Similarly, coverage of glucagon's effects has been simplified, emphasizing essential information. Description of recently discovered significance of lipoprotein(a) in coronary artery disease added. New material, with figure, on obesity genes, and leptin, including the role of this recently-discovered hormone in control not only of food intake but of metabolism as well; evidence on possible role in human obesity described. Essay added entitled Food and Health: What Should We Eat, summarizing recent dietary recommendations by national organizations and the controversies concerning them. Updated material on important rapidly-developing topics: drugs that ameliorate insulin resistance, growth hormone and aging, insulin-like growth factor I, cortisol control of growth hormone secretion. New definition of hyperthermia, in keeping with changing concepts of how this term contrasts with fever. Updated description of role of multiple cytokines in fever.
Chapter 19: Reproduction. New material, including figure, on nitric oxide and erection. Updated sections (including figures) on pattern of inhibin secretion, blastocyst formation, cause of corpus luteum demise, implantation, factors causing parturition, and the control of oxytocin and prolactin secretion. Description of recently emerging use of maternal plasma proteins in diagnosis of fetal abnormalities. New material on folacin deficiency and fetal abnormalities, preeclampsia, and pregnancy sickness (the latter applying the concept of Darwinian medicine introduced in Chapter 7). New evidence presented on biological basis of homosexuality, and the possible effects of estrogen replacement therapy. Table on contraceptives updated to include new techniques and data. Essay on the recent cloning of an adult sheep (Dolly).
Chapter 20: Defense Mechanisms of the Body. Section B is now entitled Toxicology: The Metabolism of Foreign Chemicals, and the former section D dealing with hemostasis has been moved to Chapter 14; these changes clarify the grouping of the various topics in this chapter under the overall heading of Defense Mechanisms. Many topics have emerged as of particular importance in the very rapidly developing field of immunology, and the following are examples of those presented for the first time or in updated form in this edition: (1) the identity and importance of macrophage-like cells; (2) stages of chemotaxis and how its control by messengers leads to specificity of timing and cells involved; (3) the essential requirement for ìcostimulationî by non-antigenic plasma membrane proteins in antigen presentation to T cells (this is illustrated with a new figure); (4) new information (including figure) on the interaction between interferon gamma and effector cells; (5) new material on the complex relationship between exercise and immunity; (6) updating of the mechanisms of immune tolerance, so crucial for avoidance of autoimmune responses; (7) updated description, with figure, of the acute phase response to include important effects on organic metabolism. Coverage of information on AIDS has been expanded, with material now presented in a separate essay; special emphasis is given to the new and promising combination therapies now being used.
The chapter summaries, key-term definition lists, and review questions appear at the ends of the sections in those chapters that are broken into sections. These aids appear and the end of non-sectioned chapters. Clinical term lists and thought questions are always at the ends of chapters.
feedback form |
permissions |
international |
locate your campus rep |
request a review copy
Copyright ©2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies.
digital solutions |
publish with us |
customer service |
mhhe home
Any use is subject to the
Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
McGraw-Hill Higher Education is one of the many fine businesses of the
The McGraw-Hill Companies.