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Chapter 10: Principles of Hormonal Control Systems

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HORMONE STRUCTURES AND SYNTHESIS

The three chemical classes of hormones are:
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Examples of amine hormones are:
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Thyroid hormones

Thyroid hormones include , , and .
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T₄ and T₃ contain the amino acid and atoms of . These hormones are stored in the thyroid cells bound to the protein .
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The biologically active thyroid hormone is .
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Draw the chemical structures for T₄ and T₃.

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Adrenal medullary hormones and dopamine

Catecholamines include the amines , , and .

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Peptide Hormones

Differentiate between preprohormone, prohormone and hormone.

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Steroid Hormones

The precursor molecule for all steroid hormones is .
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Steroid hormones are produced by the following organs:
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Hormones of the adrenal cortex

.Name the hormones that are released from the adrenal cortex that are classified as:
1. Mineralocorticoids:
2. Glucocorticoids:
3. Androgens:
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Mineralocorticoids exert effects on:

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Glucocorticoids exert effects on:

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Adrenal androgens exert effects on:

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The three zones of the adrenal cortex (from outer to inner) and the hormones each zone secretes are:
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Hormones of the gonads

The primary sex hormone released from the testes is while the primary sex hormones released from the ovaries are and .
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HORMONE TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD

Fill in the blanks.

Carried in plasma

Location of receptors

Peptides and catecholamines:

Steroids and thyroid hormones:

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The biologically active form of a hormone is the (free, bound) hormone.
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HORMONE METABOLISM AND EXCRETION

The body organs that play a major role in the metabolism and excretion of hormones are the and the .
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An example of a hormone that is converted into its active form after it is secreted into the blood stream to act on its target cells is:
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MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION

Hormone Receptors

Up-regulation of receptors, an increase in the number of receptors, occurs in response to prolonged (low, high) concentrations of a hormone.
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Permissiveness, a form of hormone-hormone interaction, means:
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Events Elicited by Hormone-Receptor Binding

Using a diagram, show how steroid and thyroid hormones enter target cells, bind to their receptors, and effect protein synthesis.

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Normal circulating levels of hormones exert (physiological, pharmacological) effects while large doses of hormones usually given for therapeutic reasons, exert (physiological, pharmacological) effects.
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TYPES OF INPUTS THAT CONTROL HORMONE SECRETION

Types of inputs that act directly on endocrine glands to stimulate or inhibit hormone secretion are:
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Diagram the negative-feedback loop for plasma glucose regulation by insulin.

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Diagram how a hypophysiotropic hormone controls anterior pituitary hormone secretion.

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A hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone is known as a hormone.
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CONTROL SYSTEMS INVOLVING THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY

The two lobes of the pituitary gland are:
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The anterior pituitary has a (glandular, neural) connection with the hypothalamus, whereas the posterior pituitary has a (glandular, neural) connection with the hypothalamus.
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The hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels carry blood between the hypothalamus and the . The short portal vessels carry blood from the to the .
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Posterior Pituitary Hormones

The two major posterior pituitary hormones are and . These hormones are synthesized in the and stored in the . The target organs for these hormones are the .
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Two other hormones recently associated with the posterior pituitary are . These hormones help control the release of prolactin from the and use the portal vessels in doing so.
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The Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary

Hormones produced by the hypothalamus are collectively called hormones.
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List the anterior pituitary hormones and their specific target organs .
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Two hypophysiotropic hormones that inhibit rather than release anterior pituitary hormones are and .
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A single hormone is often produced in multiple sites. (true, false)
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A hypophysiotropic hormone can cause secretion of more than one anterior pituitary hormone. (true, false)
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All the hypophysiotropic hormones are except for which is a(n) .
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Hypophysiotropic hormones also appear in places other than the hypothalamus and act as .
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Neural control of hypophysiotropic hormones

Higher CNS input influences hypophysiotropic hormonal output. Using a diagram show how stress or neural input from other brain areas influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ axis for CRH-ACTH-cortisol output. Include the negative-feedback control.

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Hormonal feedback control of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Differentiate between a long-loop and short-loop negative feedback. Give an example of each.

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TYPES OF ENDOCRINE DISORDERS

Three categories of endocrine disorders are:
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Differentiate between primary and secondary endocrine disorders.

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If there is a primary hyposecretion disorder of the thyroid gland itself, will the following be increased (I) or decreased (D)?
1. plasma thyroid hormone levels
2. circulating levels of TSH
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If there is a secondary hyposecretion disorder of the thyroid, will the following be increased (I) or decreased (D)?
1. plasma thyroid hormone levels
2. circulating levels of TSH
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If there is a primary hypersecretion disorder of the thyroid gland itself, will the following be increased (I) or decreased (D)?
1. plasma thyroid hormone levels
2. circulating levels of TSH
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If there is a secondary hypersecretion disorder of the thyroid, will the following be increased (I) or decreased (D)?
1. plasma thyroid hormone levels
2. circulating levels of TSH
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What are some factors that contribute to hyporesponsiveness to normal circulating levels of hormones?

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Review the SUMMARY and REVIEW QUESTIONS at the end of this chapter in your textbook.