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Chapter 12: Control of Body Movement

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  1. All the motor neurons for a given muscle make up the for that muscle.

    2. answer

    MOTOR CONTROL HIERARCHY

  2. Describe the functional motor control hierarchy for controlling skeletal muscle contraction.


    answer

  3. The motor program ("middle level") is constantly being adjusted by input from:
    answer

    4. Voluntary and Involuntary Actions
  4. Most motor behavior is (voluntary, involuntary, combination of both).

    5. answer

    LOCAL CONTROL OF MOTOR NEURONS

    Interneurons
  5. Most input to motor neurons is from local interneurons which receive input from:

    6. answer

    Local Afferent Input

  6. Local afferent input to local interneurons brings information from:
    answer

    7. Length-monitoring systems and the stretch reflex

  7. Draw a muscle spindle. Include stretch receptors, the afferent nerve from the stretch receptors, intrafusal fibers, and extrafusal fibers.


    answer

  8. As passive stretch of a muscle activates the muscle spindle stretch receptors, the firing rate in the afferent nerve is (increased, decreased). During contraction of a muscle, the afferent firing rate from the stretch receptors is (increased, decreased).
    answer

  9. Diagram the monosynaptic stretch (myotatic) reflex.
    answer

  10. Differentiate between a monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex.

    11. answer
  11. The activation of one muscle and the simultaneous inhibition of its antagonistic muscle is called .

    12. answer

  12. Diagram a reflex with interneurons that activate the motor neurons of a synergistic muscle.


    13. answer

  13. Muscle responses that are on the same side of the body as the receptors are known as responses, while responses on the opposite side of the body are known as responses.
    answer

    14. Alpha-gamma coactivation

  14. As extrafusal fibers shorten, the intrafusal fibers shorten in order to maintain tension on spindle stretch receptors. (true, false)
    answer

  15. Alpha motor neurons activate the fibers whereas the gamma-motor neurons activate fibers.

    16. answer

  16. Coactivation of alpha and gamma fibers ensures:

    17. answer

    Tension-monitoring systems

  17. The receptors that monitor how much tension is being exerted by contracting motor units of muscle are called and are located .
    answer

  18. Increased golgi tendon afferent firing results in (stimulation, inhibition) of the motor neurons to the contracting muscle.
    answer

    19. THE BRAIN MOTOR CENTERS AND THE DESCENDING PATHWAYS THEY CONTROL

    Cerebral Cortex

  19. The cortex refers to all parts of the cerebral cortex that act together in the control of muscle movement.
    answer

  20. The primary motor cortex is associated with:
    answer

  21. Describe how the neurons for various muscle groups are arranged in the motor cortex.


    answer

  22. The cortical areas representing the and are largest.

    23. answer

  23. The premotor area is associated with:

     _¬
    answer

    24. Subcortical and Brainstem Nuclei

  24. The paired basal ganglia !+_±input type="text" size="30" name="text144"> (subcortical nuclei) help determine direction, force and speed of movements and exert (stimulatory, inhibitory) influences on the on-going motor control systems. Inadequate functioning of the basal ganglia results in disease. The substantia nigra (subcortical nuclei) release the neurotransmitter to the basal ganglia.
    answer

    !+_¯

  25. Treatments for Parkinson's disease include:

    26. answer

    Cerebellum

  26. The cerebellum influences:

    27. answer

    Descending Pathways

    Corticospinal pathway

  27. The cell bodies of the corticospinal tracts are located in the .
    answer

  28. r™

    The fibers of the corticospinal tract cross over to the opposite side at the level of the and descend to terminate on interneurons at the appropriate level of the spinal cord.
    answer

    29. !+Còorm>

  29. Skeletal muscles on the right side of the body are innervated by corticospinal fibers originating from the (right, left) cerebral cortex.
    answer

    30. uµ

  30. The corticobulbar pathway begins in the and ends in the . This pathway controls .
    answer

    31. Non-corticospinal pathways

  31. Non-corticospinal pathways go from the to the spinal coso_önd are important in controlling .
    answer

  32. The (corticospinal, non-corticospinal) tracts have a!l ýater influence over control of fine, coordinated movements such as finger and hand movements, while the (corticospinal, non-corticospinal) descending tracts are involved more with upright posture, locomotion, and head and body movements.
    answer

    <.g§
    33. MUSCLE TONE
  33. Muscle tone is due to:
    2. !+_¦input type="text" size="30" name="text1420">

    34. answer

  34. Abnormally high muscle tone is known as .
    answer

  35. Indicate whether the following descriptine ¼are associated with hypertonia (a) or hypotonia (b).
    1. spasticity or rigidity
    2. flaccid state
    3. associated with cerebellar disease or alpha motor neuron or muscle disease
    4. associated with disorders of descending pathways

    36. answer

    MAINTENANCE OF UPRIGHT POSTURE AND BALANCE

  36. The center of gravity for an erect human is .
    answer

  37. Afferent information for postural reflexes comes from:

    38. answer
  38. Efferent information from the postural reflexes is carried via the neurons to .

    39. answer
  39. Examples of postural reflexes are:

    40. answer
    Walking

  40. Input into the neurons involved in walking comes from:


     u„

    41. answer

Review the SUMMARY, REVIEW QUESTIONS, and THOUGHT QUESTIONS at the end of this chapter in your textbook.

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