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Chapter 1: A Framework for Human Physiology
Chapter 2: Chemical Composition of the Body
Chapter 3: Cell Structure
Chapter 4: Protein Activity and Cellular Metabolism
Chapter 5: Genetic Information and Protein Synthesis
Chapter 6: Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes
Chapter 7: Homeostatic Mechanisms and Cellular Communication
Chapter 8: Neural Control Mechanisms
Chapter 9: The Sensory Systems
Chapter 10: Principles of Hormonal Control Systems
Chapter 11: Muscle
Chapter 12: Control of Body Movement
Chapter 13: Consciousness and Behavior
Chapter 14: Circulation
Chapter 15: Respiration
Chapter 16: The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions
Chapter 17: The Digestion and Absorption of Food
Chapter 18: Regulation of Organic Metabolism, Growth,and Energy Balance
Chapter 19: Reproduction
Chapter 20: Defense Mechanisms of the Body
Chapter 12: Control of Body Movement
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Lecture Outline
Chapter 12 – Control of Body Movement
Motor Control Hierarchy
Voluntary and Involuntary Actions
Local Control of Motor Neurons
Interneurons
Local Afferent Input
Length-Monitoring Systems
Alpha-Gamma Coactivation
Tension-Monitoring Systems
The Withdrawal Reflex
The Brain Motor Centers and the Descending Pathways They Control
Cerebral Cortex
Subcortical and Brainstem Nuclei
Parkinsonís Disease
Cerebellum
Descending Pathways
Corticospinal Pathway
Brainstem Pathways
Concluding Comments on the Descending Pathways
Muscle Tone
Abnormal Muscle Tone
Maintenance of Upright Posture and Balance
Walking
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