Lecture Outline

Chapter 14 – Circulation

Section A: Blood
• Plasma
• The Blood Cells
  • Erythrocytes
    • Iron
    • Folic Acid and Vitamin B₁₂
    • Regulation of Erythrocyte Production
    • Anemia
  • Leukocytes
  • Platelets
  • Regulation of Blood Cell Production
  
  Section B: Overall Design of the Cardiovascular System
• Pressure, Flow, and Resistance
  
  Section C: The Heart
• Anatomy
  • Cardiac Muscle
    • Innervation
    • Blood Supply
• Heartbeat Coordination
  • Sequence of Excitation
  • Cardiac Action Potentials and Excitation of the SA Node
  • The Electrocardiogram
  • Excitation-Contraction Coupling
  • Refractory Period of the Heart
• Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle
  • Mid-Diastole to Late Diastole
  • Systole
  • Early Diastole
  • Pulmonary Circulation Pressures
  • Heart Sounds
• The Cardiac Output
  • Control of Heart Rate
  • Control of Stroke Volume
    • Relationship between Ventricular End-Diastolic Volume and Stroke Volume: The Frank-Starling Mechanism
    • The Sympathetic Nerves
    • Afterload
• Measurement of Cardiac Function
  
  Section D: The Vascular System
• Arteries
  • Arterial Blood Pressure
  • Measurement of Systemic Arterial Pressure
• Arterioles
  • Local Controls
    • Active Hyperemia
    • Flow Autoregulation
    • Reactive Hyperemia
    • Response to Injury
  • Extrinsic Controls
    • Sympathetic Nerves
    • Parasympathetic Nerves
    • Noncholinergic, Nonadrenergic Autonomic Neurons
    • Hormones
  • Endothelial Cells and Vascular Smooth Muscle
  • Arteriolar Control in Specific Organs
• Capillaries
  • Anatomy of the Capillary Network
  • Velocity of Capillary Blood Flow
  • Diffusion across the Capillary Wall: Exchanges of Nutrients and Metabolic End Products
  • Bulk Flow across the Capillary Wall: Distribution of the Extracellular Fluid
• Veins
  • Determinants of Venous Pressure
• The Lymphatic System
  • Mechanism of Lymph Flow
  
  Section E: Integration of Cardiovascular Function: Regulation of Systemic Arterial Pressure
• Baroreceptor Reflexes
  • Arterial Baroreceptors
  • The Medullary Cardiovascular Center
  • Operation of the Arterial Baroreceptor Reflex
  • Other Baroreceptors
• Blood Volume and Long-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure
• Other Cardiovascular Reflexes and Responses Section F: Cardiovascular Patterns in Health and Disease
• Hemorrhage and Other Causes of Hypotension
  • Shock
• The Upright Posture
• Exercise
  • Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Training
• Hypertension
• Heart Failure
• Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Attacks Section G: Hemostasis: The Prevention of Blood Loss
• Formation of a Platelet Plug
• Blood Coagulation: Clot Formation
• Anticlotting Systems
  • Factors That Oppose Clot Formation
  • The Fibrinolytic System
• Anticlotting Drugs