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Chapter 19: Reproduction

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Section A. General Terminology and Concepts
  1. Diagram the hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ axis for the male and female reproductive system.

    2. answer


GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GAMETOGENESIS
  1. Define gametogenesis:

    2. answer


  2. Male gametes are known as and female gametes are known as .

    3. answer

  3. The primary sex hormone in males is .

    4. answer

  4. The primary sex hormone in females are and .

    5. answer

  5. The first stage in gametogenesis is . The number of chromosomes in each cell is .

    6. answer

  6. The second stage in gametogenesis is .

    7. answer

  7. Describe how the first meiotic division differs from the second meiotic division.

    8. answer


  8. The number of chromosomes in each gamete following meiosis is .

    9. answer

     

    Review the SECTION SUMMARY and REVIEW QUESTIONS at the end of this section in your textbook.

     

Section B. Male Reproductive Physiology

ANATOMY
  1. The primary male reproductive organs are the .

    2. answer

  2. The accessory male reproductive organs are the , , and .

    3. answer

  3. Spermatogenesis occurs in the which are located in the .

    4. answer

  4. Testosterone is produced by cells located between the seminiferous tubules.

    5. answer

  5. Draw a coronal section of the testes. Label the seminiferous tubules, epididymis, and vas deferens. Indicate where the scrotum is located.

    6. answer


  6. Draw anatomically the structures of the male reproductive system. Include the testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis.  
    answer
  7. Semen is composed of:
    8.

    answer

SPERMATOGENESIS
  1. Draw a sperm. Label the acrosome, head, midpiece and tail.

    2. answer


  2. Describe the function of the acrosome.

    3. answer


  3. Genetic information is contained in which part of the sperm?

    4. answer


  4. The time for primary spermatocytes to become mature sperm is around days.

    5. answer

  5. Spermatogenesis occurs in the .

    6. answer

  6. Sertoli cells are located in the .

    7. answer

  7. List the major functions of the Sertoli cells.

    answer

TRANSPORT OF SPERM
  1. Describe the pathway of sperm transport starting with the seminiferous tubules.

    2. answer


Erection
  1. Erection is a vascular effect brought about by (parasympathetic, sympathetic) stimulation and
    2. (parasympathetic, sympathetic) inhibition to the small arteries of the penis.
    answer

  2. The inability to achieve or sustain an erection for sexual intercourse is known as .

    3. answer

Ejaculation
  1. The release of semen from the penis is known as .

    2. answer

  2. The volume of semen per ejaculate is around ml.

    3. answer

  3. The number of sperm per ml of ejaculate is around .

    4. answer

  4. Describe the two phases of ejaculation.

    5. Phase 1:

    Phase 2:


    answer

  5. Erection involves (stimulation, inhibition) of sympathetic nerves to the arteries of the penis, and ejaculation involves (stimulation, inhibition) of sympathetic nerves to ductal smooth muscle.

    6. answer

HORMONAL CONTROL OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS

Control of the Testes
  1. Diagram the negative feedback loop for male reproduction. Include the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-target organ axis, GnRH, FSH and LH, testosterone, inhibin, Leydig cells, and Sertoli cells.

    2. answer


  2. Bursts of action potentials cause the release of GNRH approximately every hours.

    3. answer

  3. FSH acts on the cells to aid in .

    4. answer

  4. LH acts on the cells to stimulate secretion which aids in spermatogenesis.

    5. answer

  5. LH secretion is inhibited by feedback to the or .

    6. answer

  6. FSH secretion is inhibited by the protein hormone secreted by the cells.

    7. answer

Testosterone
  1. Describe the paracrine effect of testosterone on spermatogenesis.

    2. answer


  2. Describe the effect of testosterone on accessory reproductive organs.

    3. answer


  3. Describe the effect of testosterone on secondary sex characteristics.

    4. answer


  4. Describe the effect of testosterone on growth.

    5. answer


  5. Describe the effect of testosterone on behavior.

    6. answer

Mechanism of action
  1. The biologically active form of testosterone in most cells of the body is . However, in the brain, testosterone is converted to as the active form of the hormone.

    2. answer

    Review the SECTION SUMMARY and REVIEW QUESTIONS at the end of this section in your textbook.

Section C. Female Reproductive Physiology
  1. Spermatogenesis is continuous in the male whereas ovulation is in the female.

    2. answer

  2. The length of an average menstrual cycle is around days.

    3. answer

ANATOMY
  1. Diagram the female reproductive anatomy. Include the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina.

    2. answer


OVARIAN FUNCTION
  1. Two functions of the ovaries are:

    answer

Oogenesis
  1. Of the two to four million eggs in the ovaries at birth, around are ovulated during the reproductive lifetime.

    2. answer

  2. Oogonia (primitive germ cells) develop into in utero.

    3. answer

  3. The germ cells present at birth are with chromosomes, each chromosome containing sister chromatids. These cells are in a state called . The first meiotic division is completed prior to . The two daughter cells are called and . The second meiotic division is completed after , producing one mature ovum and polar bodies.

    4. answer

Follicle Growth
  1. Draw an ovarian follicle and label the following: oocyte, granulosa cells, zona pellucida, theca, and antrum.

    2. answer


  2. The granulosa cells secrete , , and .

    3. answer

  3. At the beginning of each menstrual cycle, preantral follicles develop into antral follicles. One dominant follicle continues and the others undergo the process known as .

    4. answer

  4. The release of the secondary oocytes from the follicles onto the surface of the ovary is known as , which occurs days prior to the onset of the next menstrual cycle.

    5. answer

Formation of the Corpus Luteum
  1. Describe the corpus luteum

    2. answer


  2. Diagram the two phases of the menstrual cycle and include the major ovarian events in each.

    3. answer

Sites of Secretion of Ovarian Hormones
  1. List the ovarian hormones which are secreted during the two phases of the menstrual cycle. Also indicate the cells from which these hormones are released.

    2. Follicular Phase:
    Luteal Phase:


    answer

CONTROL OF OVARIAN FUNCTION
  1. Draw lines representing the FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone plasma concentrations during the menstrual cycle. Label the LH surge.

    2. answer


  2. The first rise in plasma estrogen is from estrogen released from the . The second rise in estrogen is from estrogen released from the . The source of the postovulatory rise in progesterone is the .

    3. answer

Follicle Development and Estrogen Secretion During the Early and Middle Follicular Phase
  1. FSH stimulates cells to produce estrogen and causes the follicles to grow toward maturity.

    2. answer

  2. LH stimulates the theca cells to synthesize , which diffuse into the granulosa cells and are converted to .

    3. answer

  3. Diagram the hormonal feedback loop for ovarian function during the early and middle follicular phases. Include GnRH, FSH, LH, granulosa cells, theca cells, androgens, estrogens, and inhibin.

    4. answer

LH Surge and Ovulation
  1. Describe the positive feedback effects of estrogen on LH output.

    2. answer

The Luteal Phase
  1. The major stimulus for the corpus luteum to produce large quantities of estrogen and progesterone is .

    2. answer

  2. GnRH secretion is (increased, decreased) during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

    3. answer

  3. Inhibin, secreted by the , (stimulates, inhibits) FSH secretion.

    4. answer

  4. Corpus luteum degeneration after 10 to 14 days may be due to:

    5. answer


  5. When the corpus luteum degenerates, will the following hormones increase (I) or decrease (D)?
    6.
    1. plasma estrogen
    2. plasma progesterone
    3. GnRH
    4. FSH
    5. LH

    answer

UTERINE CHANGES IN THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
  1. The two ovarian phases of the menstrual cycle are:

    answer

  2. The three uterine phases of the menstrual cycle are:

    answer

  3. Diagram the events that occur during the menstrual cycle. Include ovarian and endometrial events for the corresponding endometrial and ovarian phases.

    4. answer


  4. During the proliferative phase, rising estrogen levels have the following effect on the endometrium:

    5. answer


  5. During the secretory phase, progesterone is released from the along with .

    6. answer

  6. Progesterone has the following effects on the endometrium:

    7. answer


  7. Why is it important that progesterone inhibit myometrial contractility during the secretory phase in the uterus?

    8. answer


  8. Describe the effects of estrogen and progesterone on cervical mucus.

    9. answer


  9. Describe the events that occur when the corpus luteum degenerates.

    10. answer


  10. Describe the effects of endometrial prostaglandins.

    11. answer


OTHER EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE
  1. List the major effects of estrogen and progesterone on the body.

    2. answer


  2. Describe premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

    3. answer


ANDROGENS IN WOMEN
  1. Sources of the low plasma concentrations of androgens in females are:

    2. answer


FEMALE SEXUAL RESPONSE
  1. Sex drive in females is primarily dependent on (androgens, estrogens).

    2. answer

PREGNANCY
  1. After ejaculation, sperm remain fertile for around hours.

    2. answer

  2. After ovulation, the egg remains fertile for around hours.

    3. answer

  3. For fertilization to occur, sexual intercourse should occur within hours before ovulation to around hours after ovulation.

    4. answer

Egg Transport
  1. Once the egg is released from the surface of the ovary (ovulation), it is transported through the to the , a process which takes around days.

    2. answer

Sperm Transport and Capacitation
  1. The pathway of ejaculated sperm in the female reproductive tract is:

    2. answer


  2. Of the several hundred million sperm ejaculated, why do only a few hundred sperm reach the uterine tubes?

    3. answer


  3. Capacitation of the sperm involves:

    4. answer


Fertilization
  1. Diagram the events that lead to fetilization and the beginning of embryogenesis.

    2. answer


  2. If fertilization of the egg does not occur, the egg .

    3. answer

  3. Tubal and abdominal pregnancies are known as pregnancies.

    4. answer

Early Development, Implantation and Placentation
  1. Define:
    1. Zygote:
    2. Conceptus:
    3. Blastocyst:
    4. Embryo:
    5. Fetus:

    answer

  2. Implantation is the embedding of the into the endometrium.

    3. answer

  3. The source of nutrients for the developing implanted embryo is .

    4. answer

  4. The structure responsible for nutrient, gas and waste product exchange after the first five weeks of development is the .

    5. answer

  5. Describe the direction of blood flow for the following:
    1. Uterine artery:
    2. Uterine veins:
    3. Umbilical arteries:
    4. Umbilical vein:

    answer

  6. Do the fetal and maternal blood "mix" (or come indirect contact with each other) in the placenta?

    7. answer

  7. The space formed by the inner cells mass and the trophoblast layer of cells during development is the cavity and is filled with a fluid called fluid.

    8. answer

Hormonal and Other Changes During Pregnancy
  1. Diagram the estrogen, progesterone and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) levels during pregnancy.

    2. answer


  2. During the first two months of pregnancy the estrogen and progesterone are supplied by the , which is kept "intact" due to the hormone from the .

    3. answer

  3. Coincidental with the decrease corpus luteum function, large quantities of estrogen and progesterone secretion come from the .

    4. answer

  4. During pregnancy, GnRH, FSH and LH levels are (high, low). These levels ensure .

    5. answer

Parturition
  1. Diagram the factors that stimulate uterine contraction during parturition. Indicate the positive feedback events.

    2. answer


  2. Oxytocin is released from the . Prostaglandins are released from the .

    3. answer

Lactation
  1. List the hormones involved in breast development during pregnancy. Indicate their site of origin.

    2. answer


  2. Diagram the steps and hormones involved in milk synthesis.

    3. answer


  3. Diagram the steps and hormones involved in milk ejection.

    4. answer


Contraception
  1. State the site of action of the following methods of contraception.
    1. Oral contraceptives:
    2. RU486:
    3. IUD:

    answer

    Review the SUMMARY and REVIEW QUESTIONS at the end of this section in your textbook.

Section D. The Chronology of Reproductive Function

SEX DETERMINATION
  1. Sex is determined by the two sex chromosomes. In males, they are , and in females, they are .

    2. answer

  2. The X chromosome is (larger, smaller) than the Y chromosome.

    3. answer

SEX DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation of the Gonads
  1. Testes begin to develop if there is the presence of the gene on the chromosome. In the absence of the chromosome, ovaries develop.

    2. answer

Differentiation of Internal and External Genitalia
  1. Diagram the steps and hormones involved in male differentiation of internal and external genitalia.

    2. answer


  2. Diagram the steps and hormones involved in female differentiation of internal and external genitalia.

    3. answer


PUBERTY
  1. Puberty normally occurs between the ages of .

    2. answer

  2. The onset of puberty may be caused by:

    3. answer


  3. Menarche is:

    4. answer


MENOPAUSE
  1. The cessation of menstrual cycles is known as . This usually occurs around years of age.

    2. answer

  2. The time period of menstrual irregularity and ending with menopause is known as .

    3. answer

  3. Following menopause, circulating levels of estrogens are (elevated, normal, low).

    4. answer

     

    Review the SUMMARY and REVIEW QUESTIONS at the end of this section and the THOUGHT QUESTIONS at the end of this chapter.
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