Followers of previous editions will quickly note the major physical improvements in the fifth edition. We have also added new material in light of recent scientific findings, taking care to connect new developments to basic principles. Listed below are some of the major fifth-edition changes. New Content A great deal of new information has been incorporated into this edition. These include the following changes: Some of the New Topics Added Skin cancer ICE proteins Telomeres and telomerase Peroxisomes Aquaporins Serotonin and neuropeptide Y as neurotransmitters Nicotinic ACh receptors in brain Retrograde dendritic potentials Thermal receptors and nociceptors Mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine pathways Nuclear receptor proteins Tyrosine kinase second messenger system Adhesion molecules Dendritic cells as antigen presenters FAS and FAS ligand Function of the enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of the gastric mucosa Guanylin and uroguanylin Retinoic acid nuclear receptors Adipose tissue physiology Leptin and its actions Obesity Brown fat and b3-adrenergic receptors Effect of weightlessness on calcium balance and bones Male contraception The human sexual response Some of the Revised Sections Chemiosmotic presentation and number of ATP generated Symport and antiport concepts added to coupled transport discussion Voltage-gated ion channels Neurotransmitter release from axons Alzheimers disease REM sleep, reticular formation, and medial temporal lobe Paracrine and autocrine regulators Cross-bridge cycle Muscle metabolism during exercise Cardiovascular adaptations to exercise Mechanisms of smooth muscle relaxation Functions of neutrophils Stem cell differentiation, with added discussion of cytokines Physiology of lymphatic vessels FrankStarling law Capillary dynamics (Starling equilibrium) Hypertension and congestive heart failure Nonspecific immune recognition and function AIDS and AIDS treatments Central regulation of breathing Respiration during exercise Structure and function of the vasa recta ADH action and diabetes insipidus Atrial natriuretic peptide Regulation of gastric acid secretion Catecholamine regulation of metabolism Thyroxine regulation of metabolism Regulation of human parturition Some Expanded Topics p53, with additional information about p21 Dopaminergic receptors Physiology of taste, including role of gustducin Physiology of olfaction Effects of urea in concentrating the urine Benefits of breastfeeding the neonate Enteric nervous system Body weight homeostasis Nutrition and fatty acids Vitamins Regulation of eating Cholecystokinin physiology Mast cell function Regulation of insulin secretion and mode of insulin action Treatment for diabetes mellitus Regulation of peristaltic contractions New Clinical Investigations Case Studies appear at the beginning of most of the chapters. These hypothetical situations are indicative of the type of clinical material that will be presented in the chapters. The solution to the case study is presented at the end of the chapter following the last major section. New Critical Thinking Questions Following each chapter summary, sets of objective, essay, and critical thinking questions give students the opportunity to obtain feedback as to the depth of their understanding and learning. They challenge students to use the chapter information in novel ways toward the solution of practical problems. The correct responses to the objective questions are provided in Appendix A (page985). New and Revised Illustrations An already outstanding illustration program has been greatly improved in this edition, which features nearly 40% new or revised illustrations. The figure legends have been modified to enhance the identification of a figure and improve the readability of the legend. Nexus Toward the end of each chapter, or group of chapters, on a particular body system, newly designed and revised interrelationship charts, called NEXUS, tie the functional aspects of one body system to each of the other systems, underscoring the concept of homeostasis. Each listed interaction has a page reference in blue for students to read for additional information. This is analogous to the hyperlinks of an Internet web page, and can be used in a similar manner to pursue related concepts of interest. New Design A conscious effort has been made to make this book more readable with a fresh, clean design with fewer interruptions in the narrative. Under Development Near the end of most system chapters is a discussion that includes exhibits and explanations of the morphogenic events involved in the development of a body system. Placement near the end of a chapter ensures that the terminology needed to understand the embryonic structures has been introduced. In a few chapters, an Under Development feature follows the relevant discussion of a specific body part or region; this occurs, for example, in sections on the skull, brain and spinal cord, ear and eye, and pituitary gland. A More Personal Approach It has been our experience that beginning students in anatomy and physiology are often intimidated by a very formal, academic writing style. In this edition, the language has been relaxed to engage the reader and make learning more enjoyable. Simple analogies are frequently used to promote understanding of concepts. The level of difficulty has been carefully controlled, recognizing the wide variation in motivation and background that typifies a broad spectrum of students.
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