Concepts of Human Anatomy & Physiology   5/e   Van De Graaff/Fox
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I. Skull

Concept: The human skull, consisting of 8 cranial and 14 facial bones, contains several cavities that house the brain and sensory organs. Each bone of the skull articulates with the adjacent bones and has diagnostic and functional processes, surface features, and foramina.

II. Development of the Skull

III. Vertebral Column

Concept: The vertebral column consists of a series of irregular bones called vertebrae, separated from each other by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs. Vertebrae enclose and protect the spinal cord, support the skull and allow for its movement, articulate with the rib cage, and provide for the attachment of trunk muscles. The intervertebral discs lend flexibility to the vertebral column and absorb vertical shock.

IV. Rib Cage

Concept:The cone-shaped, flexible rib cage consists of the thoracic vertebrae, 12 paired ribs, costal cartilages, and the sternum. It encloses and protects the thoracic viscera and is directly involved in the mechanics of breathing.

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